Research Article
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Development and Validation of the Trust in Higher Education Scale (THES): A Mixed-Methods Approach

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 1 - 20, 01.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.41.10.3

Abstract

This research aims to develop and validate the Trust in Higher Education Scale (THES) by adopting a theoretical-empirical approach. In the study, the stages of the exploratory sequential design, which is one of the basic designs of mixed research methods, were followed. In this context, in the first stage, qualitative data were collected from 20 undergraduate students and analyzed by using content analysis method. In the second stage, an item pool with 21 items was created based on the data analysis results. The created items were applied to 366 and 513 undergraduate students at two separate sessions. Then, scale development procedures such as reliability, substantive validity, structural validity, external validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were performed on this data set, which was collected in three stages. As a result of the analysis, a valid and reliable scale consisting of 14 items and one dimension emerged. It is thought that the current research is important in terms of being the first attempt to reveal a valid and reliable measurement tool for trust in higher education and reveal or confirm the potential elements of trust in higher education.

References

  • Alsharo, M., Gregg, D., & Ramirez, R. (2017). Virtual team effectiveness: The role of knowledge sharing and trust. Information and Management, 54(4), 479-490.
  • Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. (1989). Determinants of continuity in conventional industrial channel dyads. Marketing Science, 8(4), 310-323.
  • Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. (1992). The use of pledges to build and sustain commitment in distribution channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(1), 18-34.
  • Barlow, M., & Robertson, H. J. (1994). Class warfare. Key Porter.
  • Bhattacharya, C., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer-company identification: A framework for understanding consumers’ relationships with companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76-88.
  • Bird, S. J. (2013). Public trust and institutions of higher learning: implications for professional responsibility. In L. Engwall & P. Scott (Eds.), Trust in universities (pp. 25-39). Portland Press Limited.
  • Blašková, M., Tumová, D., Blaško, R., & Majchrzak-Lepczyk, J. (2021). Spirals of sustainable academic motivation, creativity, and trust of higher education staff. Sustainability, 13(13), 7057.
  • Bormann, I., & Thies, B. (2019). Trust and trusting practices during transition to higher education: Introducing a framework of habitual trust. Educational Research, 61(2), 161-180.
  • Boronski, T., & Hassan, N. (2015). Sociology of education. Sage.
  • Burić, I., Slišković, A., & Macuka, I. (2018). A mixed-method approach to the assessment of teachers’ emotions: Development and validation of the Teacher Emotion Questionnaire. Educational Psychology, 38(3), 325-349.
  • CHE. (2020). 2019-2020 yükseköğretim istatistikleri [2019-2020 higher education statistics]. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. Routledge.
  • Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Belknap Press.
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage.
  • D’Cruz, J. (2018). Trust within limits. International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 26(2), 240-250.
  • Deniz, Ü. (2020). The hidden crisis in graduate education: Why do students dropout of school?. PAU Journal of Education, 48, 61-83.
  • Deniz, Ü. (2022). Main problems of higher education and quests for reform in Türkiye. Anatolian Journal of Education, 7(2), 173-192.
  • Dzimińska, M., Fijałkowska, J., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2018). Trust-based quality culture conceptual model for higher education institutions. Sustainability, 10(8), 2599, 1-22.
  • Enders, J., de Boer, H., File, J., Jongbloed, B., & Westerheijden, D. (2011). Reform of higher education in Europe. In J. Enders, H. D. Boer, & D. Westerheijden (Eds.), Reform of higher education in Europe (pp. 1– 10). Sense Publishers.
  • EUA. (2011). Aarthus declaration 2011: Investing today in talent tomorrow. European Universities Association. Retrieved September 3, 2022, from http://www.eua.be/Libraries/Policy_Positions/Aarhus_Declaration_2011.sflb.ashx
  • Eurydice. (2016). National student fee and support systems in European higher education 2016/17. Europen Commision.
  • Fard, P. G. & Karimi, F. (2015). The relationship between organizational trust and organizational silence with job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the employees of university. International Education Studies, 8(11), 219-227.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
  • Francioni, B., Curina, I., Dennis, C., Papagiannidis, S., Alamanos, E., Bourlakis, M., & Hegner, S. M. (2021). Does trust play a role when it comes to donations? A comparison of Italian and US higher education institutions. Higher Education, 82(1), 85-105.
  • Frenzel, A. C., Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Daniels, L. M., Durksen, T. L., Becker-Kurz, B., & Klassen, R. M. (2016). Measuring teachers’ enjoyment, anger, and anxiety: The Teacher Emotions Scales (TES). Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 148-163.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Free Press.
  • Ghosh, A. K., Whipple, T. W., & Bryan, G. A. (2001). Student trust and its antecedents in higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 72(3), 322-340.
  • Giddens, A. (2013). Modernity and self-identity. Self and society in the late modern age. Polity Press.
  • Gregory, R., Prifling, M., & Beck, R. (2009). The role of cultural intelligence for the emergence of negotiated culture in IT offshore outsourcing projects. Information Technology and People, 22(3), 223-241.
  • Guppy, N., & Davies, S. (1999). Understanding Canadians’ declining confidence in public education. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue Canadienne de L’education, 24(3), 265-280.
  • Hansen, H. F., Geschwind, L., Kivistö, J., Pekkola, E., Pinheiro, R., & Pulkkinen, K. (2019). Balancing accountability and trust: University reforms in the Nordic countries. Higher Education, 78(3), 557-573.
  • Harrison, V. S. (2018). Understanding the donor experience: Applying stewardship theory to higher education donors. Public Relations Review, 44, 533-548.
  • Harsono, S. (2015). The institution image and trust and their effect on the positive word of mouth. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 7(1), 69-78.
  • Heffernan, T., Wilkins, S., & Butt, M. M. (2018). Transnational higher education: The importance of institutional reputation, trust and student-university identification in international partnerships. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(2), 227-240.
  • Helmiati H., Abdillah M. R., Anita R., Nofianti L., & Zakaria, N. B. (2018). Organizational trust and organizational silence: The factors predicting organizational commitment. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(3.35), 126-131.
  • Hong, J., Nie, Y., Heddy, B., Monobe, G., Ruan, J., You, S., & Kambara, H. (2016). Revising and validating achievement emotions questionnaire–teachers (AEQ-T). IJEP International Journal of Educational Psychology, 5(1), 80-107.
  • Hoy, W. K., & Kupersmith, W. J. (1985). The meaning and measure of faculty trust. Educational and Psychological Research, 5(1), 1-10.
  • Huber, M. (2013). Audits and the university: The restoration of personal trust in higher education. In L. Engwall & P. Scott (Eds.), Trust in universities (pp. 69-81). Portland Press Limited.
  • Jain, A. K. (2016). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship of vertical trust and distributed leadership in health care context. Journal of Modelling in Management, 11(2), 722-738.
  • Johnson, J. L., & Cullen, J. B. (2017). Trust in cross-cultural relationships. In Ganon, M. (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of cross-cultural management (pp. 335-360). Blackwell.
  • Johnstone, B., & Marcucci P. (2007). Worldwide trends in higher education finance: Cost sharing, student loans, and the support of academic research. UNESCO.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8: New statistical features. Scientific Software International.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2018). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri [SPSS applied multivariate statistical techniques]. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kharouf, H., Sekhon, H., & Roy, S.K. (2015). The components of trustworthiness for higher education: A transnational perspective. Studies in Higher Education, 40(7), 1239-1255.
  • Kistyanto, A., Rahman, M. F. W., Wisandiko, F. A., & Setyawati, E. E. P. (2021). Cultural intelligence increase student’ innovative behavior in higher education: The mediating role of interpersonal trust. International Journal of Educational Management, 36(4), 419-440.
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Krabbe, P. F. M. (2017). The measurement of health status: Concepts, methods and applications from a multidisciplinary perspective. Elsevier.
  • Leveille, D. (2006). Accountability in higher education: A public agenda for trust and cultural change. Research & Occasional Paper Series. University of California.
  • Luhmann, N. (2018). Trust and power. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320-341.
  • Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
  • Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 20-38.
  • Ng, T. W. H. (2015). The incremental validity of organizational commitment, organizational trust, and organizational identification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88(2015), 154-163.
  • Paine, K. D. (2008). Guidelines for measuring trust in organizations. Journal of the Institute for Public Relations, 51(3), 31-40.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications.
  • Potgieter, I. L., & Mathonsi, K. (2021). Organisational trust and organisational commitment among South African public service employees: Influence of socio-demographics. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 31(6),777–564.
  • Rhoades, G. (1998). Market models, managerial institutions, and managed professionals. International Higher Education, 13, 3-4.
  • Schlesinger, W., Cervera, A., & Pérez-Cabañero, C. (2016). Sticking with your university: The importance of satisfaction, trust, image, and shared values. Studies in Higher Education, 42(12), 2178-2194.
  • Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. (2005). The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70(6), 898-920.
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginners guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge.
  • Serpa, S., & Sá, M. J. (2022). Trust in Higher Education Management and Organizational Culture. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 12(1), 8-8.
  • Shiriajev, I. M., Fursa, E. V., Maskaev, A., Mokrousova, D. I. (2019). Trust and institutional traps in education and science. Journal of Economic Regulation, 10(4), 146-161.
  • Six, F. (2008). The trouble with trust: The dynamics of interpersonal trust building. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Slade, S., Prinsloo, P., & Khalil, M. (2019). Learning analytics at the intersections of student trust, disclosure and benefit. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ’19), 4–8 March 2019, Tempe, Arizona, USA (pp. 235-244). New York: ACM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3303772.3303796
  • Snijders, I., Wijnia, L., Rikers, R. M., & Loyens, S. M. (2020). Building bridges in higher education: student-faculty relationship quality, student engagement, and student loyalty. International Journal of Educational Research, 100, 101538, 1-14.
  • Spier, R. (2013). Trust as a necessary attitude in learning and research. In L. Engwall & P. Scott (Eds.), Trust in universities (pp. 15-24). Portland Press Limited.
  • Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • Tarter, C. J. (1995). Middle school climate, faculty trust, and effectiveness: A path analysis. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 29(1), 41-49.
  • Tierney, W. G. (2008). Trust and organizational culture in higher education. In J. Valimaa & O. Yylijoki (Eds.), Cultural perspectives on higher education (pp. 27–41). Springer.
  • Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89-125.
  • Trong, T.L., & Rowley, C. (2016). The relationship between cultural intelligence and i-deals: Trust as a mediator and HR localization as a moderator. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 24(5), 908-931.
  • Trow, M. (1996). Trust, markets and accountability in higher education: A comparative perspective. Higher Education Policy, 9(4), 309–324.
  • Trowler, V. (2015). Negotiating contestations and ‘chaotic conceptions’: Engaging ‘non-traditional’ students in higher education. Higher Education Quarterly, 69(3), 295-310.
  • Tyler, T. R., & Kramer, R. M. (1996). Whither trust? In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (pp. 1-15). Sage.
  • Vetenskap & Allmänhet (2011). Public engagement - International review, analysis and proposals on indicators for measuring public. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://v-a.se/downloads/varapport2011_2.pdf
  • Vidovich, L., & Currie, J. (2011). Governance and trust in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 36(1), 43-56.
  • Wang, H. K., Tseng, J. F., & Yen, Y. F. (2014). How do institutional norms and trust influence knowledge sharing? An institutional theory. Innovation, 16(3), 374-391.
  • Weingart, P. (2013). The loss of trust and how to regain it: Performance measures and entrepreneurial universities. In L. Engwall & P. Scott (Eds.), Trust in universities (pp. 83-95). Portland Press Limited.
  • Whitbeck, C. (2005). Trust. C. Mitcham (Ed.), In Encyclopedia of science, technology, and ethics Vol. 4 (pp. 1979-1982). Macmillan Reference USA.
Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 1 - 20, 01.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.41.10.3

Abstract

References

  • Alsharo, M., Gregg, D., & Ramirez, R. (2017). Virtual team effectiveness: The role of knowledge sharing and trust. Information and Management, 54(4), 479-490.
  • Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. (1989). Determinants of continuity in conventional industrial channel dyads. Marketing Science, 8(4), 310-323.
  • Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. (1992). The use of pledges to build and sustain commitment in distribution channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(1), 18-34.
  • Barlow, M., & Robertson, H. J. (1994). Class warfare. Key Porter.
  • Bhattacharya, C., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer-company identification: A framework for understanding consumers’ relationships with companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76-88.
  • Bird, S. J. (2013). Public trust and institutions of higher learning: implications for professional responsibility. In L. Engwall & P. Scott (Eds.), Trust in universities (pp. 25-39). Portland Press Limited.
  • Blašková, M., Tumová, D., Blaško, R., & Majchrzak-Lepczyk, J. (2021). Spirals of sustainable academic motivation, creativity, and trust of higher education staff. Sustainability, 13(13), 7057.
  • Bormann, I., & Thies, B. (2019). Trust and trusting practices during transition to higher education: Introducing a framework of habitual trust. Educational Research, 61(2), 161-180.
  • Boronski, T., & Hassan, N. (2015). Sociology of education. Sage.
  • Burić, I., Slišković, A., & Macuka, I. (2018). A mixed-method approach to the assessment of teachers’ emotions: Development and validation of the Teacher Emotion Questionnaire. Educational Psychology, 38(3), 325-349.
  • CHE. (2020). 2019-2020 yükseköğretim istatistikleri [2019-2020 higher education statistics]. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. Routledge.
  • Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Belknap Press.
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage.
  • D’Cruz, J. (2018). Trust within limits. International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 26(2), 240-250.
  • Deniz, Ü. (2020). The hidden crisis in graduate education: Why do students dropout of school?. PAU Journal of Education, 48, 61-83.
  • Deniz, Ü. (2022). Main problems of higher education and quests for reform in Türkiye. Anatolian Journal of Education, 7(2), 173-192.
  • Dzimińska, M., Fijałkowska, J., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2018). Trust-based quality culture conceptual model for higher education institutions. Sustainability, 10(8), 2599, 1-22.
  • Enders, J., de Boer, H., File, J., Jongbloed, B., & Westerheijden, D. (2011). Reform of higher education in Europe. In J. Enders, H. D. Boer, & D. Westerheijden (Eds.), Reform of higher education in Europe (pp. 1– 10). Sense Publishers.
  • EUA. (2011). Aarthus declaration 2011: Investing today in talent tomorrow. European Universities Association. Retrieved September 3, 2022, from http://www.eua.be/Libraries/Policy_Positions/Aarhus_Declaration_2011.sflb.ashx
  • Eurydice. (2016). National student fee and support systems in European higher education 2016/17. Europen Commision.
  • Fard, P. G. & Karimi, F. (2015). The relationship between organizational trust and organizational silence with job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the employees of university. International Education Studies, 8(11), 219-227.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
  • Francioni, B., Curina, I., Dennis, C., Papagiannidis, S., Alamanos, E., Bourlakis, M., & Hegner, S. M. (2021). Does trust play a role when it comes to donations? A comparison of Italian and US higher education institutions. Higher Education, 82(1), 85-105.
  • Frenzel, A. C., Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Daniels, L. M., Durksen, T. L., Becker-Kurz, B., & Klassen, R. M. (2016). Measuring teachers’ enjoyment, anger, and anxiety: The Teacher Emotions Scales (TES). Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 148-163.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Free Press.
  • Ghosh, A. K., Whipple, T. W., & Bryan, G. A. (2001). Student trust and its antecedents in higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 72(3), 322-340.
  • Giddens, A. (2013). Modernity and self-identity. Self and society in the late modern age. Polity Press.
  • Gregory, R., Prifling, M., & Beck, R. (2009). The role of cultural intelligence for the emergence of negotiated culture in IT offshore outsourcing projects. Information Technology and People, 22(3), 223-241.
  • Guppy, N., & Davies, S. (1999). Understanding Canadians’ declining confidence in public education. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue Canadienne de L’education, 24(3), 265-280.
  • Hansen, H. F., Geschwind, L., Kivistö, J., Pekkola, E., Pinheiro, R., & Pulkkinen, K. (2019). Balancing accountability and trust: University reforms in the Nordic countries. Higher Education, 78(3), 557-573.
  • Harrison, V. S. (2018). Understanding the donor experience: Applying stewardship theory to higher education donors. Public Relations Review, 44, 533-548.
  • Harsono, S. (2015). The institution image and trust and their effect on the positive word of mouth. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 7(1), 69-78.
  • Heffernan, T., Wilkins, S., & Butt, M. M. (2018). Transnational higher education: The importance of institutional reputation, trust and student-university identification in international partnerships. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(2), 227-240.
  • Helmiati H., Abdillah M. R., Anita R., Nofianti L., & Zakaria, N. B. (2018). Organizational trust and organizational silence: The factors predicting organizational commitment. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(3.35), 126-131.
  • Hong, J., Nie, Y., Heddy, B., Monobe, G., Ruan, J., You, S., & Kambara, H. (2016). Revising and validating achievement emotions questionnaire–teachers (AEQ-T). IJEP International Journal of Educational Psychology, 5(1), 80-107.
  • Hoy, W. K., & Kupersmith, W. J. (1985). The meaning and measure of faculty trust. Educational and Psychological Research, 5(1), 1-10.
  • Huber, M. (2013). Audits and the university: The restoration of personal trust in higher education. In L. Engwall & P. Scott (Eds.), Trust in universities (pp. 69-81). Portland Press Limited.
  • Jain, A. K. (2016). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship of vertical trust and distributed leadership in health care context. Journal of Modelling in Management, 11(2), 722-738.
  • Johnson, J. L., & Cullen, J. B. (2017). Trust in cross-cultural relationships. In Ganon, M. (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of cross-cultural management (pp. 335-360). Blackwell.
  • Johnstone, B., & Marcucci P. (2007). Worldwide trends in higher education finance: Cost sharing, student loans, and the support of academic research. UNESCO.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8: New statistical features. Scientific Software International.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2018). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri [SPSS applied multivariate statistical techniques]. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kharouf, H., Sekhon, H., & Roy, S.K. (2015). The components of trustworthiness for higher education: A transnational perspective. Studies in Higher Education, 40(7), 1239-1255.
  • Kistyanto, A., Rahman, M. F. W., Wisandiko, F. A., & Setyawati, E. E. P. (2021). Cultural intelligence increase student’ innovative behavior in higher education: The mediating role of interpersonal trust. International Journal of Educational Management, 36(4), 419-440.
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Krabbe, P. F. M. (2017). The measurement of health status: Concepts, methods and applications from a multidisciplinary perspective. Elsevier.
  • Leveille, D. (2006). Accountability in higher education: A public agenda for trust and cultural change. Research & Occasional Paper Series. University of California.
  • Luhmann, N. (2018). Trust and power. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320-341.
  • Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
  • Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 20-38.
  • Ng, T. W. H. (2015). The incremental validity of organizational commitment, organizational trust, and organizational identification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88(2015), 154-163.
  • Paine, K. D. (2008). Guidelines for measuring trust in organizations. Journal of the Institute for Public Relations, 51(3), 31-40.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications.
  • Potgieter, I. L., & Mathonsi, K. (2021). Organisational trust and organisational commitment among South African public service employees: Influence of socio-demographics. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 31(6),777–564.
  • Rhoades, G. (1998). Market models, managerial institutions, and managed professionals. International Higher Education, 13, 3-4.
  • Schlesinger, W., Cervera, A., & Pérez-Cabañero, C. (2016). Sticking with your university: The importance of satisfaction, trust, image, and shared values. Studies in Higher Education, 42(12), 2178-2194.
  • Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. (2005). The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70(6), 898-920.
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginners guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge.
  • Serpa, S., & Sá, M. J. (2022). Trust in Higher Education Management and Organizational Culture. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 12(1), 8-8.
  • Shiriajev, I. M., Fursa, E. V., Maskaev, A., Mokrousova, D. I. (2019). Trust and institutional traps in education and science. Journal of Economic Regulation, 10(4), 146-161.
  • Six, F. (2008). The trouble with trust: The dynamics of interpersonal trust building. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Slade, S., Prinsloo, P., & Khalil, M. (2019). Learning analytics at the intersections of student trust, disclosure and benefit. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK ’19), 4–8 March 2019, Tempe, Arizona, USA (pp. 235-244). New York: ACM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3303772.3303796
  • Snijders, I., Wijnia, L., Rikers, R. M., & Loyens, S. M. (2020). Building bridges in higher education: student-faculty relationship quality, student engagement, and student loyalty. International Journal of Educational Research, 100, 101538, 1-14.
  • Spier, R. (2013). Trust as a necessary attitude in learning and research. In L. Engwall & P. Scott (Eds.), Trust in universities (pp. 15-24). Portland Press Limited.
  • Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • Tarter, C. J. (1995). Middle school climate, faculty trust, and effectiveness: A path analysis. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 29(1), 41-49.
  • Tierney, W. G. (2008). Trust and organizational culture in higher education. In J. Valimaa & O. Yylijoki (Eds.), Cultural perspectives on higher education (pp. 27–41). Springer.
  • Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89-125.
  • Trong, T.L., & Rowley, C. (2016). The relationship between cultural intelligence and i-deals: Trust as a mediator and HR localization as a moderator. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 24(5), 908-931.
  • Trow, M. (1996). Trust, markets and accountability in higher education: A comparative perspective. Higher Education Policy, 9(4), 309–324.
  • Trowler, V. (2015). Negotiating contestations and ‘chaotic conceptions’: Engaging ‘non-traditional’ students in higher education. Higher Education Quarterly, 69(3), 295-310.
  • Tyler, T. R., & Kramer, R. M. (1996). Whither trust? In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (pp. 1-15). Sage.
  • Vetenskap & Allmänhet (2011). Public engagement - International review, analysis and proposals on indicators for measuring public. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://v-a.se/downloads/varapport2011_2.pdf
  • Vidovich, L., & Currie, J. (2011). Governance and trust in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 36(1), 43-56.
  • Wang, H. K., Tseng, J. F., & Yen, Y. F. (2014). How do institutional norms and trust influence knowledge sharing? An institutional theory. Innovation, 16(3), 374-391.
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There are 81 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ünal Deniz 0000-0001-7447-6050

Mehmet Akif Erdener 0000-0002-1375-3963

Publication Date May 1, 2023
Acceptance Date February 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Deniz, Ü., & Erdener, M. A. (2023). Development and Validation of the Trust in Higher Education Scale (THES): A Mixed-Methods Approach. Participatory Educational Research, 10(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.41.10.3