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Examining of STEM Motivations and Entrepreneurship Levels of Pre-Service Teachers

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 858 - 875, 28.12.2023

Mustafa Tüysüz Ümmüye Nur Tüzün Elif Selcan Öztay Gülseda Eyceyurt Türk

https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1315893

Öz

The purpose of the current research was to highlight the STEM motivation and entrepreneurship skills of pre-service teachers educating on different programs. For this purpose, the quantitative research approach was conducted, and a survey model was employed. The sample of this research comprised 285 pre-service teachers enrolled in the various departments of faculty of education in a state university in Türkiye. "Entrepreneurship Scale for Teacher Candidates" and "STEM Motivation Scale" were utilized as data collection tools. It was found statistically significant differences between early childhood education and elementary mathematics education, between elementary education and elementary mathematics education, and also between science and elementary mathematics education in favour of elementary mathematics education regarding the mean scores of pre-service teachers' mathematical motivation (MM) in the significance level of .05. It was also found that there was a significant difference between elementary education and elementary mathematics education in favour of elementary education regarding the mean scores of pre-service teachers' self-confidence (SC) in the significance level of .05 in Entrepreneurship Scale for Pre-service Teachers. Also, it was found that there was a significant difference between elementary education and elementary mathematics education in favour of elementary education regarding the mean scores of students' emotional intelligence (EI) in the significance level of .05 on the Entrepreneurship Scale for Teacher Candidates. According to the results, further implementation suggestions were given.

Anahtar Kelimeler

STEM motivation entrepreneurship skills pre-service teachers quantitative research

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, A.H., Hamzah, M.H., Hussin, R.H., Kohar, U.H., Abd Rahman, S.N., & Junaidi, J., (December, 2017). Teachers' readiness in implementing science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education from the cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects. In 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE).
  • Arruti, A., & Panos-Castro, J. (2020). International entrepreneurship education for pre-service teachers: a longitudinal study. Education + Training, 62(7/8), 825-841.
  • Aydin-Gunbatar, S., Ekiz-Kiran, B., & Oztay, E.S. (2020). Pre-service chemistry teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge for integrated STEM development with LESMeR model. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 21, 1063-1082.
  • Bøe, M. V., Henriksen, E. K., Lyons, T., & Schreiner, C. (2011). Participation in science and technology: Young people’s achievement-related choices in late-modern societies. Studies in Science Education, 47, 37–72.
  • Bybee, R.W. (2010). Advancing STEM education: a 2020 vision. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 70(1), 30-35.
  • Chatzistamatiou, M., Dermitzaki, I., & Bagiatis, V. (2014). Self-regulatory teaching in mathematics: relations to teachers' motivation, affect and professional commitment. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 29(2), 295-310.
  • Cheng, L., Antonenko, P., Ritzhaupt, A.D., Dawson, K., Miller, D., MacFadden, B.C., Grant, C., Sheppard, T.D., & Ziegler, M. (2022). Exploring the influence of teachers’ beliefs and 3D printing integrated STEM instruction on students’ STEM motivation. Computers & Education, 158, 103983.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.
  • De Loof, H., Struyf, A., Boeve-de Pauw, J., & Van Petegem, P. (2021). Teachers’ motivating style and students’ motivation and engagement in STEM: The relationship between three key educational concepts. Research in Science Education, 51, 109-127.
  • Deveci, İ. (2016). The development, implementation and evaluation of entrepreneurship training modules integrated with the middle school science curriculum (Doctoral thesis). Uludağ University, Bursa.
  • Deveci, İ., & Çepni, S. (2015). Öğretmen adaylarına yönelik girişimcilik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. (Development of entrepreneurship scale towards student teachers: A validity and reliability study.) International Journal of Human Sciences, 12(2), 92-112.
  • Deveci, İ., & Çepni, S. (2017). The effect of entrepreneurship education modules integrated with science education on the entrepreneurship characteristics of pre-service science teachers. Socialinis Darbas Social Work, 15(2), 56-85.
  • Dönmez, İ. (2020). STEM motivasyon ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. (Adaptation of STEM motivation scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study) YYÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 486-510.
  • Dönmez, İ., Gülen, S., & Ayaz, M. (2022). Impact of argumentation-based STEM activities on ongoing STEM motivation. Journal of STEM Education Research, 5, 78-101.
  • Dumebi-Moemeke, C. (2013). Innovation science education for technical entrepreneurship: The curriculum dimension. Business and Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(2), 39-46.
  • Farwati, R., Metafisika, K., Sari, I., Sitinjak, D. S., Solikha, D. F., & Solfarina, S. (2021). STEM education implementation in Indonesia: a scoping review. International Journal of STEM Education for Sustainability, 1(1), 11-32. doi.10.53889/ijses.v1i1.2.
  • Field, A.P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage, London
  • Fraenkel, J.R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill.
  • Gunning, A.M., & Mensah, F.M. (2011). Pre-service elementary teachers’development of self-efficacy and confidence to teach science: A case study. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 22, 171-185.
  • Kaasila, R., Pehkonen, E., Hannula, M.S., & Laine, A. (2004). Pre-service elementary teachers’ self-confidence in mathematics at the beginning of their studies. A paper presented in TSG23 at ICME-10. Available online at http://www.icmeorganisers.dk/tsg23/tsg23_abstracts/rTSG23014Kaasila.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2008). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kaufhold, J.A., & Johnson, L.R. (2005). The analysis of the emotional intelligence skills and potential problem areas of elementary educators. Education, 125(4), 615-626.
  • Kaya-Capocci, S., & Ucar, S. (2023). Entrepreneurial STEM for global epidemics. N. Rezaei. (Ed.). Integrated education and learning. pp. 467-487. Springer.
  • Kaya-Capocci, S., & Peters-Burton, E. (2023). The use of digital formative assessment for integrated entrepreneurial STEM education. S. Kaya-Capocci, & E. Peters-Burton. (Eds.). Enhancing entrepreneurial mindsets through STEM education. pp. 403-422. Springer.
  • Kelley, T.R., & Knowles, J.G. (2016). A conceptual framework for integrated STEM education. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-016-0046-z
  • Kennedy, T.J., & Odell, M.R.L. (2014). Engaging students in STEM education. Science Education International, 25(3), 246-258.
  • Linnenbrink, E., & Pintrich, P. R. (2002). Achievement goal theory and affect: An asymmetrical bi-directional model. Educational Psychologist, 37, 69–78.
  • Marrero, M.E., Gunning, A., & Germain-Williams, T. (2014). What is STEM education? Global Education Review, 1(4), 1-6.
  • Mayers, A. (2013). Introduction to statistics and SPSS in psychology. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Miller, B.G., & Roehrig, G. (2018). Indigenous cultural contexts for STEM experiences: Snow snakes’ impact on students and the community. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 13(1), 31-58.
  • Moore, T.J., Stohlmann, M.S., Wang, H.H., Tank, K.M., Glancy, A.W., & Roehrig, G.H. (2014). Implementation and integration of engineering in K-12 STEM education. In Engineering in pre-college settings: Synthesizing research, policy, and practices (pp. 35-60). Purdue University Press.
  • Oosterbeek, H., van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442-454.
  • Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (Version 12). 2nd ed. Maidenhead Open University Press.
  • Park, M.H., Dimitrov, D.M., Patterson, L.G., & Park, D.Y. (2017). Early childhood teachers' beliefs about readiness for teaching science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 15(3), 275-291.
  • Restivo, T., Chouzal, F., Rodrigues, J., Menezes, P., Bernardino Lopes, J. (April, 2014). Augmented reality to improve STEM motivation. In: 2014 IEEE global engineering education conference (EDUCON), IEEE, Istanbul, pp 803–806.
  • Reinhold, F., Strohmaier, A., Finger-Collazos, Z., & Reiss, K. (2021). Considering teachers’ beliefs, motivation, and emotions regarding teaching mathematics with digital tools: The effect of an in-service teacher training. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.723869.
  • Rosicka, C. (2016). Translating STEM Education into Practice. Australian Council for Educational Research.
  • Rosenzweig, E.Q., & Wigfield, A. (2016). STEM motivation interventions for adolescents: A promising start, but further to go. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 146-163.
  • Schick, H., & Phillipson, S. N. (2009). Learning motivation and performance excellence in adolescents with high intellectual potential: What really matters? High Ability Studies, 20(1), 15–37.
  • Starr, C.R., Anderson, B.R., & Green, K.A. (2019). “I’m a computer scientist!”: Virtual reality experience influences stereotype threat and STEM motivation among undergraduate women. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 28, 493-507.
  • Starr, C.R., Hunter, L., Dunkin, R., Honig, S., Palomino, R., & Leaper, C. (2020). Engaging in science practices in classrooms predicts increases in undergraduates' STEM motivation, identity, and achievement: A short‐term longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 57(7), 1093-1118.
  • Starr, C.R., Tulagan, N., & Simpkins, S.D. (2022). Black and Latinx adolescents’ STEM motivational beliefs: A systematic review of the literature on parent STEM support. Educational Psychology Review, 34, 1877–1917.
  • Stohlmann, M., Moore, T.J., & Roehrig G.H. (2012). Consideration for teaching integrated STEM education. Journal of pre-college Engineering Education Research (J-PEER), 2(1), 1-7.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics, (5th ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Tozlu, İ., Gülseven, E., & Tüysüz, M. (2019). FeTeMM eğitimine yönelik etkinlik uygulaması: Kuvvet ve enerji örneği. (Activity application for STEM education: Sample of force and energy.) YYÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 869-896.
  • Turgutalp, E. (2021). 8. sınıf basınç konusunda STEM öğrenme-öğretme modelinin uygulanmasının öğrenci başarısına ve girişimcilik becerisine etkisinin araştırılması. (STEM teaching the subject of pressure in eight grade – A study of the implementation of the learning model’s impact on students’ success and entrepreneurial skills.) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Tytler, R. (2020). STEM education for the twenty-frst century. In J. Anderson & Y. Li (Eds.), Integrated approaches to STEM education: An international perspective. pp. 21–43. Springer.
  • Üret, A., & Ceylan, R. (2021). Exploring the effectiveness of STEM education on the creativity of 5-year-old kindergarten children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29(6), 842-855.
  • Walan, S. (2021). The dream performance–a case study of young girls’ development of interest in STEM and 21st century skills, when activities in a makerspace were combined with drama. Research in Science & Technological Education, 39(1), 23-43. doi: 10.1080/02635143.2019.1647157.
  • Wang, H.H., Moore, T.J., Roehrig, G.H., & Park, M.S., (2011). STEM integration: teacher perceptions and practice. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research, 1(2), 1-13.
  • Warner, M.E. (2012). Privatization and urban governance: The continuing challenges of efficiency. Voice and Integration, Cities, in press.
  • Williams, J. (2011). STEM Education: Proceed with caution. Design and Technology Education, 16(1), 26-35.

Öğretmen Adaylarının STEM Motivasyonlarının ve Girişimcilik Seviyelerinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 858 - 875, 28.12.2023

Mustafa Tüysüz Ümmüye Nur Tüzün Elif Selcan Öztay Gülseda Eyceyurt Türk

https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1315893

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

STEM motivasyonu girişimcilik becerileri öğretmen adayları nicel araştırma

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, A.H., Hamzah, M.H., Hussin, R.H., Kohar, U.H., Abd Rahman, S.N., & Junaidi, J., (December, 2017). Teachers' readiness in implementing science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education from the cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects. In 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE).
  • Arruti, A., & Panos-Castro, J. (2020). International entrepreneurship education for pre-service teachers: a longitudinal study. Education + Training, 62(7/8), 825-841.
  • Aydin-Gunbatar, S., Ekiz-Kiran, B., & Oztay, E.S. (2020). Pre-service chemistry teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge for integrated STEM development with LESMeR model. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 21, 1063-1082.
  • Bøe, M. V., Henriksen, E. K., Lyons, T., & Schreiner, C. (2011). Participation in science and technology: Young people’s achievement-related choices in late-modern societies. Studies in Science Education, 47, 37–72.
  • Bybee, R.W. (2010). Advancing STEM education: a 2020 vision. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 70(1), 30-35.
  • Chatzistamatiou, M., Dermitzaki, I., & Bagiatis, V. (2014). Self-regulatory teaching in mathematics: relations to teachers' motivation, affect and professional commitment. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 29(2), 295-310.
  • Cheng, L., Antonenko, P., Ritzhaupt, A.D., Dawson, K., Miller, D., MacFadden, B.C., Grant, C., Sheppard, T.D., & Ziegler, M. (2022). Exploring the influence of teachers’ beliefs and 3D printing integrated STEM instruction on students’ STEM motivation. Computers & Education, 158, 103983.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.
  • De Loof, H., Struyf, A., Boeve-de Pauw, J., & Van Petegem, P. (2021). Teachers’ motivating style and students’ motivation and engagement in STEM: The relationship between three key educational concepts. Research in Science Education, 51, 109-127.
  • Deveci, İ. (2016). The development, implementation and evaluation of entrepreneurship training modules integrated with the middle school science curriculum (Doctoral thesis). Uludağ University, Bursa.
  • Deveci, İ., & Çepni, S. (2015). Öğretmen adaylarına yönelik girişimcilik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. (Development of entrepreneurship scale towards student teachers: A validity and reliability study.) International Journal of Human Sciences, 12(2), 92-112.
  • Deveci, İ., & Çepni, S. (2017). The effect of entrepreneurship education modules integrated with science education on the entrepreneurship characteristics of pre-service science teachers. Socialinis Darbas Social Work, 15(2), 56-85.
  • Dönmez, İ. (2020). STEM motivasyon ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. (Adaptation of STEM motivation scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study) YYÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 486-510.
  • Dönmez, İ., Gülen, S., & Ayaz, M. (2022). Impact of argumentation-based STEM activities on ongoing STEM motivation. Journal of STEM Education Research, 5, 78-101.
  • Dumebi-Moemeke, C. (2013). Innovation science education for technical entrepreneurship: The curriculum dimension. Business and Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(2), 39-46.
  • Farwati, R., Metafisika, K., Sari, I., Sitinjak, D. S., Solikha, D. F., & Solfarina, S. (2021). STEM education implementation in Indonesia: a scoping review. International Journal of STEM Education for Sustainability, 1(1), 11-32. doi.10.53889/ijses.v1i1.2.
  • Field, A.P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage, London
  • Fraenkel, J.R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill.
  • Gunning, A.M., & Mensah, F.M. (2011). Pre-service elementary teachers’development of self-efficacy and confidence to teach science: A case study. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 22, 171-185.
  • Kaasila, R., Pehkonen, E., Hannula, M.S., & Laine, A. (2004). Pre-service elementary teachers’ self-confidence in mathematics at the beginning of their studies. A paper presented in TSG23 at ICME-10. Available online at http://www.icmeorganisers.dk/tsg23/tsg23_abstracts/rTSG23014Kaasila.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2008). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kaufhold, J.A., & Johnson, L.R. (2005). The analysis of the emotional intelligence skills and potential problem areas of elementary educators. Education, 125(4), 615-626.
  • Kaya-Capocci, S., & Ucar, S. (2023). Entrepreneurial STEM for global epidemics. N. Rezaei. (Ed.). Integrated education and learning. pp. 467-487. Springer.
  • Kaya-Capocci, S., & Peters-Burton, E. (2023). The use of digital formative assessment for integrated entrepreneurial STEM education. S. Kaya-Capocci, & E. Peters-Burton. (Eds.). Enhancing entrepreneurial mindsets through STEM education. pp. 403-422. Springer.
  • Kelley, T.R., & Knowles, J.G. (2016). A conceptual framework for integrated STEM education. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-016-0046-z
  • Kennedy, T.J., & Odell, M.R.L. (2014). Engaging students in STEM education. Science Education International, 25(3), 246-258.
  • Linnenbrink, E., & Pintrich, P. R. (2002). Achievement goal theory and affect: An asymmetrical bi-directional model. Educational Psychologist, 37, 69–78.
  • Marrero, M.E., Gunning, A., & Germain-Williams, T. (2014). What is STEM education? Global Education Review, 1(4), 1-6.
  • Mayers, A. (2013). Introduction to statistics and SPSS in psychology. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Miller, B.G., & Roehrig, G. (2018). Indigenous cultural contexts for STEM experiences: Snow snakes’ impact on students and the community. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 13(1), 31-58.
  • Moore, T.J., Stohlmann, M.S., Wang, H.H., Tank, K.M., Glancy, A.W., & Roehrig, G.H. (2014). Implementation and integration of engineering in K-12 STEM education. In Engineering in pre-college settings: Synthesizing research, policy, and practices (pp. 35-60). Purdue University Press.
  • Oosterbeek, H., van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442-454.
  • Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (Version 12). 2nd ed. Maidenhead Open University Press.
  • Park, M.H., Dimitrov, D.M., Patterson, L.G., & Park, D.Y. (2017). Early childhood teachers' beliefs about readiness for teaching science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 15(3), 275-291.
  • Restivo, T., Chouzal, F., Rodrigues, J., Menezes, P., Bernardino Lopes, J. (April, 2014). Augmented reality to improve STEM motivation. In: 2014 IEEE global engineering education conference (EDUCON), IEEE, Istanbul, pp 803–806.
  • Reinhold, F., Strohmaier, A., Finger-Collazos, Z., & Reiss, K. (2021). Considering teachers’ beliefs, motivation, and emotions regarding teaching mathematics with digital tools: The effect of an in-service teacher training. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.723869.
  • Rosicka, C. (2016). Translating STEM Education into Practice. Australian Council for Educational Research.
  • Rosenzweig, E.Q., & Wigfield, A. (2016). STEM motivation interventions for adolescents: A promising start, but further to go. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 146-163.
  • Schick, H., & Phillipson, S. N. (2009). Learning motivation and performance excellence in adolescents with high intellectual potential: What really matters? High Ability Studies, 20(1), 15–37.
  • Starr, C.R., Anderson, B.R., & Green, K.A. (2019). “I’m a computer scientist!”: Virtual reality experience influences stereotype threat and STEM motivation among undergraduate women. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 28, 493-507.
  • Starr, C.R., Hunter, L., Dunkin, R., Honig, S., Palomino, R., & Leaper, C. (2020). Engaging in science practices in classrooms predicts increases in undergraduates' STEM motivation, identity, and achievement: A short‐term longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 57(7), 1093-1118.
  • Starr, C.R., Tulagan, N., & Simpkins, S.D. (2022). Black and Latinx adolescents’ STEM motivational beliefs: A systematic review of the literature on parent STEM support. Educational Psychology Review, 34, 1877–1917.
  • Stohlmann, M., Moore, T.J., & Roehrig G.H. (2012). Consideration for teaching integrated STEM education. Journal of pre-college Engineering Education Research (J-PEER), 2(1), 1-7.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics, (5th ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Tozlu, İ., Gülseven, E., & Tüysüz, M. (2019). FeTeMM eğitimine yönelik etkinlik uygulaması: Kuvvet ve enerji örneği. (Activity application for STEM education: Sample of force and energy.) YYÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 869-896.
  • Turgutalp, E. (2021). 8. sınıf basınç konusunda STEM öğrenme-öğretme modelinin uygulanmasının öğrenci başarısına ve girişimcilik becerisine etkisinin araştırılması. (STEM teaching the subject of pressure in eight grade – A study of the implementation of the learning model’s impact on students’ success and entrepreneurial skills.) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Tytler, R. (2020). STEM education for the twenty-frst century. In J. Anderson & Y. Li (Eds.), Integrated approaches to STEM education: An international perspective. pp. 21–43. Springer.
  • Üret, A., & Ceylan, R. (2021). Exploring the effectiveness of STEM education on the creativity of 5-year-old kindergarten children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29(6), 842-855.
  • Walan, S. (2021). The dream performance–a case study of young girls’ development of interest in STEM and 21st century skills, when activities in a makerspace were combined with drama. Research in Science & Technological Education, 39(1), 23-43. doi: 10.1080/02635143.2019.1647157.
  • Wang, H.H., Moore, T.J., Roehrig, G.H., & Park, M.S., (2011). STEM integration: teacher perceptions and practice. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research, 1(2), 1-13.
  • Warner, M.E. (2012). Privatization and urban governance: The continuing challenges of efficiency. Voice and Integration, Cities, in press.
  • Williams, J. (2011). STEM Education: Proceed with caution. Design and Technology Education, 16(1), 26-35.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular STEM Eğitimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Tüysüz 0000-0003-1277-6669

Ümmüye Nur Tüzün 0000-0001-9114-0460

Elif Selcan Öztay 0000-0001-6156-1950

Gülseda Eyceyurt Türk 0000-0002-4757-3696

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 13 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tüysüz, M., Tüzün, Ü. N., Öztay, E. S., Eyceyurt Türk, G. (2023). Examining of STEM Motivations and Entrepreneurship Levels of Pre-Service Teachers. Journal of Teacher Education and Lifelong Learning, 5(2), 858-875. https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1315893
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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