Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 99 - 117, 29.09.2021

Öz

Kaynakça

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  • Gewirtz, A., Forgatch, M., & Wieling, E. (2008). Parenting practices as potential mechanisms for child adjustment following mass trauma. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00063.x
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  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
  • Graell, M., Morón‐Nozaleda, M. G., Camarneiro, R., Villaseñor, Á., Yáñez, S., Muñoz, R., ... & Faya, M. (2020). Children and adolescents with eating disorders during COVID‐19 confinement: Difficulties and future challenges. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(6), 864-870. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2763
  • Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of family violence, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00172-2
  • Guan, H., Okely, A. D., Aguilar-Farias, N., del Pozo Cruz, B., Draper, C. E., El Hamdouchi, A., ... & Löf, M. (2020). Promoting healthy movement behaviours among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 416-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30131-0
  • Han, J. W., & Lee, H. (2018). Effects of parenting stress and controlling parenting attitudes on problem behaviors of preschool children: Latent growth model analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 48(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.109
  • Havnes, T and M Mogstad (2015), Is universal child care leveling the playing field?. Journal of Public Economics, 127: 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.007
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Beyond COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes in Interaction Pattern between Children and Caregivers

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 99 - 117, 29.09.2021

Öz

We are going through hard times that remind us that good health is the most important thing in life. The COVID-19 pandemic has immensely affected everybody. Measures taken by all countries, including Turkey, to prevent the spread of the coronavirus have deprived students (from preschool to university) of face-to-face education. While the pandemic has had a profound impact on parents and educators, children's lives have been stuck between the “new normal” and the pandemic. This paper investigated how children and their parents experienced the pandemic, how they interacted, and managed educational activities at home. This was a case study, which is a qualitative research method. The sample consisted of 15 families with different sociocultural and socioeconomic status (SES) living in five cities in four regions of Turkey. Data were collected through video-audio recordings, observation notes, and e-interviews. Data were analyzed using second-cycle coding and inductive content analysis. The COVID-19 pandemic caused economic problems, especially in low- and middle-SES families. Economic problems and mental stress impeded the marital interaction patterns of couples, negatively affecting children the most. Upper-SES parents received support from teachers for homeschooling, but other parents faced numerous setbacks and made numerous errors during home-based education, causing parents despair and concern for their children's future. Of all participants, the children of the parents with COVID-19 related health problems were affected by outbreak measures the most. These results can help raise all stakeholders' awareness of the current situation. Given that the COVID-19 pandemic may continue for the foreseeable future, it is believed that the suggestions made to parents and educators for homeschooling can help mitigate the future impacts of the pandemic, especially on preschoolers.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Olson, L. S. (2007). Lasting consequences of the summer learning gap. American sociological review, 72(2), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200202
  • Anwar, S., Nasrullah, M., & Hosen, M. J. (2020). COVID-19 and Bangladesh: Challenges and how to address them. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00154.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Cantillon B, Chzhen Y, Handa S, & Nolan B. (2017). Children of austerity. Impact of the great recession on child poverty in rich countries. New York: UNICEF, Oxford University Press. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/ pdf/Children_of_austerity.pdf
  • Chinnappan, B., Rapp, J. T., & Burkhart, B. R. (2020). Effects of rules and feedback on classroom behavior of adolescents in a residential treatment setting. Behavior modification, 44(5), 627-645. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445519834637
  • Clark, H., Coll-Seck, A. M., Banerjee, A., Peterson, S., Dalglish, S. L., Ameratunga, S., ... & Claeson, M. (2020). A future for the world's children? A WHO–UNICEF–Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 395(10224), 605-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32540-1
  • Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., ... & Butchart, A. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19.Lancet, 395:e64, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30736-4
  • Cobham, V. E., McDermott, B., Haslam, D., & Sanders, M. R. (2016). The role of parents, parenting and the family environment in children’s post-disaster mental health. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(6), 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0691-4
  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications.
  • Cornelissen, T, C Dustmann, A Raute & U Schönberg (2018). Who benefits from universal child care? Estimating marginal returns to early child care attendance. Journal of Political Economy, 126(6): 2356-2409.
  • Courtney, D., Watson, P., Battaglia, M., Mulsant, B. H., & Szatmari, P. (2020). COVID-19 impacts on child and youth anxiety and depression: challenges and opportunities. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(10), 688-691. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720935646
  • Dubey, I. M. J., Berhampore, M., Ghosh, I. R., & Chatterjee, I. S. (2020). Children of frontline coronavirus disease-2019 warriors: our observations. The Journal of Pediatrics, 224, 188-189. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.026
  • Fisher P, Lombardi J., & Kendall-Taylor N. (2020, April 15). Why Households with Young Children Warrant Our Attention and Support During (and After) the COVID-19 Pandemic: Rapid-EC Project. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from https://medium.com/rapid-ec-project/why-households-with-young-children-warrant-our-attention-and-support-during-and-after-the-b7cee9b76184
  • Gassman-Pines A, Ananat EO., & Fitz-Henley J. (2020). COVID- 19 and Parent-child psychological well-being. Pediatrics, 146(4):e2020007294. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-007294
  • Gewirtz, A., Forgatch, M., & Wieling, E. (2008). Parenting practices as potential mechanisms for child adjustment following mass trauma. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00063.x
  • Ghosh, R., Dubey, M., Chatterjee, S., & Dubey, S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on children: Special focus on psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatrica, (72), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05887-9
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
  • Graell, M., Morón‐Nozaleda, M. G., Camarneiro, R., Villaseñor, Á., Yáñez, S., Muñoz, R., ... & Faya, M. (2020). Children and adolescents with eating disorders during COVID‐19 confinement: Difficulties and future challenges. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(6), 864-870. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2763
  • Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of family violence, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00172-2
  • Guan, H., Okely, A. D., Aguilar-Farias, N., del Pozo Cruz, B., Draper, C. E., El Hamdouchi, A., ... & Löf, M. (2020). Promoting healthy movement behaviours among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 416-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30131-0
  • Han, J. W., & Lee, H. (2018). Effects of parenting stress and controlling parenting attitudes on problem behaviors of preschool children: Latent growth model analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 48(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.109
  • Havnes, T and M Mogstad (2015), Is universal child care leveling the playing field?. Journal of Public Economics, 127: 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.007
  • Hawryluck, L., Gold, L. W., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004), SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1206-1212, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030703.
  • Isitan, S., Saçkes, M., Justice, L. M., & Logan, J. A. (2018). Do early learning and literacy support at home predict preschoolers' narrative skills?. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 18(3), 661-671. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.3.0012
  • Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., Liu, J., Fang, S. F., Jiao, F. Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. The journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
  • Karademir, A., Yaman, F., & Saatcioglu, O. (2020). Challenges of higher education institutions against COVID-19: The case of Turkey. Journal of Pedagogical Research , 4(4), 453-474.
  • Kim, M. S., & Moon, H. J. (2005). Relationship between parenting stress and parenting efficacy on parenting behaviors in mother with young children. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 43(8), 25-35.
  • Lambert, A., Vlaar, J., Herrington, S., & Brussoni, M. (2019). What is the relationship between the neighbourhood built environment and time spent in outdoor play? A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(20), 3840. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203840
  • Larsen, L., Helland, M. S., & Holt, T. (2020, November 25). The ımpact of school closure and social isolation on children in vulnerable families during COVID-19: A Focus on Children’s Reactions. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/deju9
  • Lundberg, M., & Wuermli, A. (Eds.). (2012). Children and youth in crisis: Protecting and promoting human development in times of economic shocks. The World Bank.
  • McDaid, D., E. Hewlett & Park, A. (2017).Understanding effective approaches to promoting mental health and preventing mental illness. OECD Health Working Papers, 97, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/bc364fb2-en.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel Araştırma [Qualitative Research] (Selahattin Turan, Ed. & Trans). Nobel Yayincilik.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publications.
  • Ministry of National Education (MoNE, October 12). Çocuğun olduğu her yerdeyiz [We are everywhere with children].MoNE. Retrieved October 16, from https://www.meb.gov.tr/cocugun-oldugu-her-yerdeyiz/haber/21829/tr
  • Moore, S. A., Faulkner, G., Rhodes, R. E., Brussoni, M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Ferguson, L. J., ... & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: a national survey. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8
  • OECD (2018), Children and young people’s mental health in the digital age, OECD, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Children-and-Young-People-Mental-Health-in-the-Digital-Age.pdf.
  • OECD (2020a, Jul 8). School education during COVID‐19: Were teachers and students ready? Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/education/Turkey-coronavirus-education-country-note.pdf
  • OECD (2020b, Agu 22). Combatting COVID-19’s effect on children. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/combatting-covid-19-s-effect-on-children-2e1f3b2f/
  • OECD (2020c), Early Learning and Child Well-being: A Study of Five-year-Olds in England, Estonia, and the United States, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/3990407f-en.
  • Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., ... & Davis, M. M. (2020). Well-being of parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey. Pediatrics, 146(4), e2020016824. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-016824
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist,(75), 5, 631–643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
  • Ranscombe, P. (2020). Rural areas at risk during COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 545. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30301-7
  • Robertson, E., Hershenfield, K., Grace, S. L., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(6), 403-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900612
  • Romero, E., López-Romero, L., Domínguez-Álvarez, B., Villar, P., & Gómez-Fraguela, J. A. (2020). Testing the effects of COVID-19 confinement in Spanish children: The role of parents’ distress, emotional problems and specific parenting. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(19), 6975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196975
  • Sprang, G. & Silman, M. (2013).Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters”, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 7(1), 105-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22.
  • Szabo, T. G., Richling, S., Embry, D. D., Biglan, A., & Wilson, K. G. (2020). From helpless to hero: Promoting values-based behavior and positive family interaction in the midst of Covid-19. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00431-0
  • TEDMEM (2020, Agu 11). COVID-19 sürecinde eğitim uzaktan öğrenme, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri [Education during COVID-19, Distance Learning, Problems and Solution Suggestions]. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https://tedmem.org/download/covid-19-surecinde-egitim-uzaktan-ogrenme-sorunlar-cozum-onerileri?wpdmdl=3411&refresh=5fe9bd1bd97a31609153819
  • The World Bank. (2020, April 30). World Bank Education and COVID‐19. The World Bank. Retrieved June 12, 2020, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/interactive/2020/03/24/world-bank-education-and-covid-19
  • The World Bank. (2020, June 8). COVID-19 to Plunge Global Economy into Worst Recession since World War II. 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/06/08/covid-19-to-plunge-global-economy-into-worst-recession-since-world-war-ii
  • UNESCO (2020b). Adverse consequences of school closures. UNESCO. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/consequences
  • UNESCO (2020c, May 19). Back‐to‐school efforts must include teachers. UNESCO. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from https://en.unesco.org/news/back‐school‐efforts‐must‐include‐teachers
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  • Uscianowski, C., Almeda, M. V., & Ginsburg, H. P. (2020). Differences in the complexity of math and literacy questions parents pose during storybook reading. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 50, 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.07.003
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  • Waddoups, A. B., Yoshikawa, H., & Strouf, K. (2019). Developmental effects of parent–child separation. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 387-410. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085142
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wang, G., Zhang, J., Lam, S. P., Li, S. X., Jiang, Y., Sun, W., ... & Li, A. M. (2019). Ten-year secular trends in sleep/wake patterns in Shanghai and Hong Kong school-aged children: a tale of two cities. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 15(10), 1495-1502. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7984
  • Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
  • World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age: web annex: evidence profiles (No. WHO/NMH/PND/19.2).
  • World Health Organization. (2020a). Promoting the health of migrant workers in the WHO European Region during COVID-19. Interim guidance, 18 November 2020 (No. WHO/EURO: 2020-1384-41134-55925). World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
  • World Health Organization. (2020b), Helping children cope with stress during the 2019-nCoV outbreak, WHO, Geneva, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/helping-children-cope-with-stress-print.pdf?sfvrsn=f3a063ff_2
  • Wrase, M. (2020). Schulrechtliche Herausforderungen in Zeiten der Corona-Pandemie. Beihef,16, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.31244/9783830992318.06
  • Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, et al. (2020). Mental health status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in hubei province, China. JAMA Pediatr,174(9), 898–900. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1619
  • Yeasmin, S., Banik, R., Hossain, S., Hossain, M. N., Mahumud, R., Salma, N., & Hossain, M. M. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Children and youth services review, 117, 105277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105277
  • Yildirim, A., & Simsek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Seçkin.
  • Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage publications.
  • Young Minds (2020, March 30), Coronavirus having major impact on young people with mental health needs – new survey. Retrieved May 17, 2020 from https://youngminds.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/press-releases/coronavirus-having-major-impact-on-young-people-with-mental-health-needs-new-survey/
  • Zippert, E. L., & Rittle-Johnson, B. (2020). The home math environment: More than numeracy. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 50, 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.07.009
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Abdulhamit Karademir 0000-0003-3062-8547

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

APA Karademir, A. (2021). Beyond COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes in Interaction Pattern between Children and Caregivers. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 8(Özel Sayı), 99-117.