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Eğitimde ve İstihdamda Yer Almayan Gençler (NEET) Psikolojik Olarak Daha mı Kırılgan? Beliren Yetişkinlik Dönemi Temelinde bir İnceleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 2621 - 2640, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1178791

Öz

Beliren yetişkinlik dönemi 18 ile 20’li yaşların sonu arasında tanımlanan bir gelişim dönemidir ve gelişim bilimi konusunda çalışan bazı uzmanlar bu kavramın yeterliliğini sorgulamaktadır. Benzer şekilde, eğitimde ve istihdamda yer almayan (NEET) kavramı da alan yazında eleştirildiği görülen bir kavramdır. Beliren yetişkinlik döneminde yer alan ve eğitimine devam etme durumu ile çalışma yaşamında aktif olma durumu ile ilgili nitelikleri kendilerine sorulan çalışma grubunun stres verici yaşam olayı yaşama durumları ile ilgili bilgi toplanmış; ayrıca stresle başa çıkma ve kendini toparlama gücü düzeyleri geçerli-güvenilir ölçme araçları ile incelenmiştir. Çalışma grubunu, 18-29 yaş arasında ve stres verici yaşam olayı deneyimlemiş 375 kişi oluşturmuştur. Çalışma grubu, eğitimde ve istihdamda yer almayan grup (NEET) ile eğitimden veya istihdamdan en az birisine dahil olan grup olarak iki grupta incelenmiş ve tek faktörlü MANOVA (çok değişkenli varyans analizi) ile analiz edilerek karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, eğitimde ve istihdamda yer almayan grup (NEET) ile eğitimden veya istihdamdan en az birisine dahil olan grubun stresle başa çıkma ve kendini toparlama gücü düzeyleri anlamlı biçimde farklılaşmamıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, alan yazında geçerlilikleri sorgulanan beliren yetişkinlik ve NEET kavramları eşliğinde tartışılmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

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  • Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties, American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
  • Arnett, J.J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood, Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500202
  • Arnett, J.J. (2019). Conceptual foundations of emerging adulthood. “Emerging Adulthood and Higher Education: A New Student Development Paradigm” içinde; Eds. J.L.Murray-J.J. Arnett; ss. 11-24. Routledge.
  • Arnett, J.J. & Eisenberg, N. (2007). Introduction to the special section: Emerging adulthood around the world, Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 66-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00015.x
  • Arnett, J.J., Hendry, L.B., Kloep, M. & Tanner, J.L. (2011). The curtain rises: A brief overview of the book. In J.J. Arnett, M. Kloep, L.B. Hendry & J.L. Tanner (Eds.) Debating emerging adulthood: Stage or process? pp.3-9. Oxford University Press.
  • Arnett, J.J., Zukauskiene, R. & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health, Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 569-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
  • Avagianou, A., Kapitsinis, N., Papageorgiou, I., Strand, A.H. & Gialis, S. (2022). Being NEET in youthspaces of the EU South: A post-recession regional perspective, YOUNG, 1-30. DOI: 10.1177/11033088221086365
  • Axelsson, L. & Ejlertsson, G. (2002). Self-reported health, self-esteem and social support among young unemployed people: A population-based study, Int J Soc Welfare, 11, 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2397.00205
  • Blatterer, H. (2007). Contemporary adulthood: Reconceptualizing an uncontested category, Current Sociology, 55(6), 771-792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392107081985
  • Blom, N. & Perelli-Harris, B. (2020). Unemployment and relationship happiness in the United Kingdom. CPC Working Paper: 93. Economic and Social Research Council.
  • Brewer, M.L., van Kessel, G., Sanderson, B., Naumann, F., Lane, M., Reubenson, A. & Carter, A. (2019). Resilience in higher education students: A scoping review, Higher Education Research&Development, 38(6), 1105-1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1626810
  • Bynner, J. & Parsons, S. (2002). Social exclusion and the transition from school to work: The case of young people not in education, employment or training, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(2), 289-309. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1868
  • Carcillo, S., Fernandez, R., Königs, S. & Minea, A. (2015). NEET youth in the aftermath of the crisis: Challenges and policies, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 164, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js6363503f6-en
  • Catalano, R.F., Berglund, M.L., Ryan, J.A.M., Lonczak, H.S. & Hawkins, J.D. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs, ANNALS, AAPSS, 591, 98-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260102
  • Clark, A., Oswald, A. & Warr, P. (1996). Is job satisfaction U-shaped in age? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69(1), 57-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1996.tb00600.x
  • Cook, J. (2006). Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: Update of a report for the President’s Commission, Psychiatric Services, 57, 1391-1405. ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.2006.57.10.1391
  • Costa, P.T. ve McCrae, R.R. (1994). Stability and change in personality from adolescence through adulthood. In C.F. Halverson, Jr., G.A. Kohnstamm & R.P. Martin (Eds.). The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp.139-150). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Cote, J.E. (1996). Sociological perspectives on identity formation: The culture-identity link and identity capital, Journal of Adolescence, 19, 417-428. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1996.0040
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  • Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Lucas, R.E. (2015). National accounts of subjecive well-being, American Psychologist, 70(3), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038899
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  • Furlong, A., Cartmel, F., Biggart, A., Sweeting, H. & West, P. (2003). Youth transitions: Patterns of vulnerability and processes of social inclusion. Glasgow: Scottish Executive Social Research.
  • Goldman-Mellor, S., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Ajala, N., Ambler, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H., Hucker, A., Odgers, C., Williams, T., Wong, C. & Moffitt, T.E. (2016). Committed to work but vulnerable: Self-perceptions and mental health in NEET 18-year olds from a contemporary British cohort, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(2), 196-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12459
  • Goldsmith, J. (2018). Emerging adults’ relationships with their parents, Clinical Science Insights, The Family Institute at Northwestern University. Retrieved from: https:// www.family-institute.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/csi-emerging-adults-relationships-with-parents.pdf
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Are NEETs Psychologically More Vulnerable? An Examination Based On Emerging Adulthood

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 2621 - 2640, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1178791

Öz

Emerging adulthood is a developmental period which is characterized between the ages 18 and the end of 20’s. This conception is criticised by various developmental scientists as questionable about the validity of the concept. Likely, there are various criticisms towards the concept NEETs. This study aims to examine these concepts via analyzing the stress-coping and resilience of emerging adults. The study group consists of the individuals between the ages 18-29 (emerging adults) and also the people who have experienced a stress-invoking life event. The study group is made up of 375 individuals. The analyse (one factor MANOVA) aims to compare two groups: One group consists of the individuals neither in education nor in employment/training. The other group consists of the individuals who are at least in one, in education or in employment/training, or in both. The findings showed that the stress-coping and resilience levels of the two groups do not significantly differ. The findings of the research are discussed based on the concepts emerging adulthood and NEETs, the concepts sometimes criticised in the literature. And also some suggestions are postulated.

Kaynakça

  • Arnett, J.J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context, Human Development, 41, 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022591
  • Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties, American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
  • Arnett, J.J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood, Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500202
  • Arnett, J.J. (2019). Conceptual foundations of emerging adulthood. “Emerging Adulthood and Higher Education: A New Student Development Paradigm” içinde; Eds. J.L.Murray-J.J. Arnett; ss. 11-24. Routledge.
  • Arnett, J.J. & Eisenberg, N. (2007). Introduction to the special section: Emerging adulthood around the world, Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 66-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00015.x
  • Arnett, J.J., Hendry, L.B., Kloep, M. & Tanner, J.L. (2011). The curtain rises: A brief overview of the book. In J.J. Arnett, M. Kloep, L.B. Hendry & J.L. Tanner (Eds.) Debating emerging adulthood: Stage or process? pp.3-9. Oxford University Press.
  • Arnett, J.J., Zukauskiene, R. & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health, Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 569-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
  • Avagianou, A., Kapitsinis, N., Papageorgiou, I., Strand, A.H. & Gialis, S. (2022). Being NEET in youthspaces of the EU South: A post-recession regional perspective, YOUNG, 1-30. DOI: 10.1177/11033088221086365
  • Axelsson, L. & Ejlertsson, G. (2002). Self-reported health, self-esteem and social support among young unemployed people: A population-based study, Int J Soc Welfare, 11, 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2397.00205
  • Blatterer, H. (2007). Contemporary adulthood: Reconceptualizing an uncontested category, Current Sociology, 55(6), 771-792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392107081985
  • Blom, N. & Perelli-Harris, B. (2020). Unemployment and relationship happiness in the United Kingdom. CPC Working Paper: 93. Economic and Social Research Council.
  • Brewer, M.L., van Kessel, G., Sanderson, B., Naumann, F., Lane, M., Reubenson, A. & Carter, A. (2019). Resilience in higher education students: A scoping review, Higher Education Research&Development, 38(6), 1105-1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1626810
  • Bynner, J. & Parsons, S. (2002). Social exclusion and the transition from school to work: The case of young people not in education, employment or training, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(2), 289-309. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1868
  • Carcillo, S., Fernandez, R., Königs, S. & Minea, A. (2015). NEET youth in the aftermath of the crisis: Challenges and policies, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 164, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js6363503f6-en
  • Catalano, R.F., Berglund, M.L., Ryan, J.A.M., Lonczak, H.S. & Hawkins, J.D. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs, ANNALS, AAPSS, 591, 98-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260102
  • Clark, A., Oswald, A. & Warr, P. (1996). Is job satisfaction U-shaped in age? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69(1), 57-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1996.tb00600.x
  • Cook, J. (2006). Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: Update of a report for the President’s Commission, Psychiatric Services, 57, 1391-1405. ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.2006.57.10.1391
  • Costa, P.T. ve McCrae, R.R. (1994). Stability and change in personality from adolescence through adulthood. In C.F. Halverson, Jr., G.A. Kohnstamm & R.P. Martin (Eds.). The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp.139-150). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Cote, J.E. (1996). Sociological perspectives on identity formation: The culture-identity link and identity capital, Journal of Adolescence, 19, 417-428. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1996.0040
  • Cote, J.E. (1997). An empirical test of the identity capital model, Journal of Adolescence, 20, 577-597. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1997.0111
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Lucas, R.E. (2015). National accounts of subjecive well-being, American Psychologist, 70(3), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038899
  • Douglas, C.B. (2007). From duty to desire: Emerging adulthood in Europe and its consequences, Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00023.x
  • Ecclestone, K. (2007). Transitions through the life course: Analysing the effects of identity, agency and structure: Full Research Report ESRC End of Award Report. RES-129-25-0184-B. Swindon: ESRC.
  • Erkuş, A. (2017). Davranış Bilimleri için Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci. (5. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • European Commission (2020a). Employment and social developments in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Commission (2020b). Employment and Social Developments in Europe. Annual review 2020. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R.S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466-475.
  • Furlong, A., Cartmel, F., Biggart, A., Sweeting, H. & West, P. (2003). Youth transitions: Patterns of vulnerability and processes of social inclusion. Glasgow: Scottish Executive Social Research.
  • Goldman-Mellor, S., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Ajala, N., Ambler, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H., Hucker, A., Odgers, C., Williams, T., Wong, C. & Moffitt, T.E. (2016). Committed to work but vulnerable: Self-perceptions and mental health in NEET 18-year olds from a contemporary British cohort, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(2), 196-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12459
  • Goldsmith, J. (2018). Emerging adults’ relationships with their parents, Clinical Science Insights, The Family Institute at Northwestern University. Retrieved from: https:// www.family-institute.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/csi-emerging-adults-relationships-with-parents.pdf
  • Greene, A.L., Wheatley, S.M. & Aldava IV, J.F. (1992). Stages on life’s way: Adolescents’ implicit theories of the life course, Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(3), 364-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489273006
  • Gümüşsu, A.G. (2011). Türkiye’de İşgücüne Katılım ve Ücretlerin Belirleyicileri. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Güneş, C. (2017). Panel Veri Kesikli Tercih Modelleri ile Türkiye’de İşgücüne Katılım Kararının Analizi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • Hammer, T. (1996). Consequences of unemployment in the transition from youth to adulthood in a life course perspective, Youth and Society, 27(4), 450-468. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X96027004003
  • Heckhausen, J. & Chang, E.S. (2009). Can ambition help overcome social inequality in the transition to adulthood? Individual agency and societal opportunities in Germany and the United States, Research in Human Development, 6(4), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600903281244
  • Hendry, L.B. & Kloep, M. (2007a). Conceptualizing emerging adulthood: Inspecting the emperor’s new clothes?, Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00017.x
  • Hendry, L.B. & Kloep, M. (2007b). Redressing the emperor!- A rejoinder to Arnett, Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 83-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00019.x
  • Hendry, L.B. & Kloep, M. (2011). Lifestyles in emerging adulthood: Who needs stages anyway? In J.J. Arnett, M. Kloep, L.B. Hendry & J.L. Tanner (Eds.) Debating emerging adulthood: Stage or process? pp.77-106. Oxford University Press.
  • ILO (International Labor Organization) (2020). Young workers will be hit hard by COVID- 19’s economic fallout. https://iloblog.org/2020/04/15/young-workers-will-be-hit-hard-by-covid-19s-economic-fallout/.
  • Jones, G. (2002). The youth divide. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
  • Jongbloed, J. & Giret, J.F. (2022). Quality of life of NEET youth in comparative perspective: Subjective well-being during the transition to adulthood, Journal of Youth Studies, 25(3), 321-343. DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2020.1869196
  • Karasar, N. (2010). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. (21. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kloep, M., Hendry, L.B., Taylor, R. & Stuart-Hamilton, I. (2016). Looking at transitions. In Development from adolescence to early adulthood. pp. 1-18. Psychology Press.
  • Krahn, H.J., Howard, A.L. & Galambos, N.L. (2015). Exploring or floundering? The meaning of employment and educational fluctuations in emerging adulthood, Youth & Society, 47(2), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X12459061
  • Luthar, S.S. (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high risk adolescents, Child Development, 62, 600-616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01555.x
  • MacDonald, R. (2009). Precarious work: Risk, choice and poverty traps. In A. Furlong (Ed.) Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood (pp. 167-175). Routledge.
  • Maguire, S. (2015). NEET, unemployed, inactive or unknown-why does it matter?, Educational Research, 57(2), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2015.1030850
  • Masten, A.S. & Coatsworth, J.D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments, American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205
  • Meeus, W., Dekovic, M. & Iedema, J. (1997). Unemployment and identity in adolescence: A social comparison perspective, The Career Development Quarterly, 45, 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb00540.x
  • Montgomery, M.J. & Cote, J.E. (2003). College as a transition to adulthood. Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence, 149-172.
  • Öçel, K. (2019). Türkiye’de Seçili Ekonomik Değişkenlerin Kadın İşgücüne Katılım Oranına Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çanakkale On Sekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale, Türkiye.
  • Patzelt, H. & Shepherd, D.A. (2011). Negative emotions of an entrepreneurial career: Self-employment and regulatory coping behaviors, Journal of Business Venturing, 26(2), 226-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.08.002
  • Roberts, S. (2011). Beyond “NEET” and “tidy” pathways: Considering the “missing middle” of youth transition studies, Journal of Youth Studies, 14(1), 21-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2010.489604
  • Roberts, B.W. & Chapman, C.N. (2000). Change in dispositional well-being and its relation to role quality: A 30-year longitudinal study, Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 26-41. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2259
  • Russell, H., Leschke, J. & Smith, M. (2020). Balancing flexibility and security in Europe? The impact of unemployment on young people’s subjective well-being, European Journal of Industrial Relations, 26(3), 243-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680119840570
  • Schaufeli, W.B. (1988). Unemployment and psychological health: An investigation among Dutch professionals. The Netherlands: University of Groningen.
  • Seçer, B. (2006). Uluslararası boyutuyla genç işsizliği ve gençlere yönelik istihdam politikaları, TİSK Akademi, 11, 79-97.
  • Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2015). Çok Değişkenli İstatistiklerin Kullanımı. (Altıncı basımdan çeviri; M. Baloğlu, Çev. Ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Terzi, Ş. (2006). Kendini Toparlama Gücü Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 77-86. app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/T0RNeU1UVTE
  • Terzi, Ş. (2008). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Kendini Toparlama Gücünün İçsel Koruyucu Faktörlerle İlişkisi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 297-306. efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/562-published.pdf
  • Türküm, S. (2002). Stresle Başa Çıkma Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışmaları, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(18), 25-34. earsiv.anadolu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11421/14971
  • Ullah, P. (1990). The association between income, financial strain and psychological well-being among unemployed youths, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 317-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00533.x
  • Wagnild, G.M. & Young, H.M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale, Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-178. psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-05738-006
  • Yang, H.C., Sun, I.S. & Park, S.H. (2015). Perceived employment instability effect on psychological well-being and job satisfaction: Resilience and character strength as mediator, East Asian Journal of Business Management, 5-4, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.13106/eajbm.2015.vol5.no4.29
  • Yates, S. & Payne, M. (2006). Not so NEET? A critique of the usee of “NEET” in setting targets for interventions with young people, Journal of Youth Studies, 9(3), 329-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260600805671
  • Yüksel Arabacı, R. (2020). Türkiye’de ne eğitimde ne istihdamda olan gençlerin sosyo-demografik yapısı ve işgücü piyasası ile bağlantısı, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 53(3), 103-130. researchgate.net/profile/Rabihan-Yueksel-Arabaci-2
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Özden Turgut 0000-0003-3620-8869

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Turgut, Ö. (2023). Eğitimde ve İstihdamda Yer Almayan Gençler (NEET) Psikolojik Olarak Daha mı Kırılgan? Beliren Yetişkinlik Dönemi Temelinde bir İnceleme. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 2621-2640. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1178791

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