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Türkiye'de Covid-19 pandemisinin psikososyal etkileri ve akılcı duygusal davranışçı terapinin ABC modeli çerçevesinde incelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 416 - 439, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.951888

Öz

Pandemiler kişinin kendisine ve sevdiklerine yönelik sağlık tehditlerini de içeren birçok farklı psikososyal stres faktörü ile ilişkilidir. Pandemi sürecinde, insanların yaşamış oldukları duygusal sorunların ve enfeksiyonun yayılmasını önleyecek psikolojik faktörlerin belirlenmesi, hastalığın yayılmasını engelleyecek olan davranışların yerine getirilmesi, duygusal sıkıntıların uyumsuzlukların ve yıkıcı davranışların yönetilmesi açısından önemlidir. Bu araştırmada Türkiye’de yaşayan yetişkin bireyler üzerinde Covid-19 pandemisinin psikososyal etkilerinin incelenmesi ve akılcı duygusal davranışçı terapinin ABC modeli çerçevesinde analiz edilmesi amacıyla, nitel araştırma yöntemlerine dayalı olarak durum çalışması deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 18 yaş üzerindeki 245 yetişkin birey oluşturmuştur. Bulgular katılımcıların %7.3’ünün sağlık güvencesi bulunmadığını ve %23.7’si karantina süresince hiç egzersiz yapmadığını, %35.5’inin gelir kaybı yaşadığını, %72.7’sinin sosyal medya kullanma davranışlarının arttığını, %89.8’inin virüsün sıkı önlemler alınmasını gerektirecek kadar tehlikeli olduğuna inandığını göstermektedir. Salgın süreci ile birlikte katılımcıların hayatlarında biyolojik, sosyolojik, psikolojik, ekonomik pek çok farklı değişimler, zorlanmalar, öğrenmeler olmuştur. Katılımcıların Covid 19’a yönelik düşünceleri de birbirinden farklılık göstermektedir. Katılımcılardan çok azı (f=24) salgına dair akılcı düşüncelere sahiptir. Katılımcıların akılcı olmayan düşünceleri, Talepkarlık (f=104), Felaketleştirme (f=84), Rahatsız olmaya katlanamama (f=66) ve Diğerlerini ve kendini derecelendirme (f=36) olmak üzere dört kategoriye ayrılmıştır. Akılcı düşüncelere sahip katılımcıların duyguları daha sağlıklı ve davranışları daha işlevselken, akılcı olmayan düşüncelere sahip katılımcıların duyguları daha sağlıksız ve davranışları da daha işlevsizdir.

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

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  • Buschmann, T., Horn, R.A., Blankenship, V.R. Garcia, Y. E. & Bohan, K. B. (2018). The relationship between automatic thoughts and ırrational beliefs predicting anxiety and depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 36, 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0278-y
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  • Chew, Q. H., Wei, K. C., Vasoo, S., Chua, H. C., & Sim, K. (2020). Narrative synthesis of psychological and coping responses towards emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the general population: practical considerations for the COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore Medical Journal. Advance online publication, 61(7), 350-356. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2020046
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  • DiGiuseppe, R., Leaf, R., Gorman, B., & Robin, M. W. (2018). The development of a measure of irrational/rational beliefs. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 36, 47-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0273-3.
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Psychosocial effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey and an investigation of rational emotional behavioral therapy within the framework of the ABC model

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 416 - 439, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.951888

Öz

Pandemics are associated with many different psychosocial stress factors. During the pandemic process, determining the emotional problems people experience and the psychological factors that will prevent the spread of the infection, and fulfilling the behaviors that will prevent the spread of the disease is significant in terms of managing emotional distress, maladjustments and destructive behaviors. Accordingly, this study presented the multifaceted descriptive information of 245 adult individuals living in Turkey regarding the pandemic process and analyzed these individuals’ thoughts, emotions and behaviors within the framework of the ABC Model of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy. The findings revealed that 7.3% of the participants did not have health insurance, 23.7% did not exercise at all during the quarantine, 35.5% experienced loss of income, 72.7% increased their social media use, and 89.8% believed the virus to be dangerous enough to require strict measures. Only a few of the participants (f=24) had rational beliefs about the pandemic. The participants’ irrational beliefs were divided into four categories, namely Demandingness (f=104), Catastrophizing (f=84), low frustration tolerance (f=66), and Global evaluations of human value (f=36). The emotions of the participants with irrational thoughts were unhealthier and their behaviors were more dysfunctional.

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association [APA], (2020), New Poll: COVID-19 Impacting Mental Well-Being. Erişim adresi: https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/new-poll-covid-19-impacting-mental-well-being-americans-feeling-anxious-especially-for-loved-ones-older-adults-are-less-anxious Erişim Tarihi: 30/06/2020
  • Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2018). The protective role of rational beliefs on the relationship between ırrational beliefs, emotional states of stress, depression and anxiety. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 37, 96-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-018-0305-7
  • Baloran, E. T. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, anxiety, and coping strategies of students during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1769300
  • BBC NEWS, (2020). Koronavirüs: adım adım Türkiye'nin covid-19'la mücadelesi. Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52899914 Erişim tarihi: 17/09/2020
  • Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2020). Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23. 38-51. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
  • Branch, R. & Willson, R. (2020). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy For Dummies. (3rd Edition) New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
  • Buschmann, T., Horn, R.A., Blankenship, V.R. Garcia, Y. E. & Bohan, K. B. (2018). The relationship between automatic thoughts and ırrational beliefs predicting anxiety and depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 36, 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0278-y
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Chew, Q. H., Wei, K. C., Vasoo, S., Chua, H. C., & Sim, K. (2020). Narrative synthesis of psychological and coping responses towards emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the general population: practical considerations for the COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore Medical Journal. Advance online publication, 61(7), 350-356. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2020046
  • Corey, G. (2008). Psikolojik Danışma, Psikoterapi Kuram ve Uygulamaları (T. Ergene, Çev.). Ankara: Mentis Yayıncılık. (Orijinal eser 2005 yılında basılmıştır.) Chudasama, Y. V., Gillies, C. L., Zaccardi, F., Coles, B., Davies, M. J., Seidu, S., & Khunti, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on routine care for chronic diseases: A global survey of views from healthcare professionals. Diabetes Metab Syndr., 14(5), 965-967. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.042
  • Çağlayan Tunç, A., Zorba, E., & Çingöz, Y. E. (2020). Covid 19 salgını döneminde egzersizin yaşam kalitesine etkisi. Uluslararası Güncel Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi (UGEAD), 6(1), 127-135.
  • DiGiuseppe, R., Leaf, R., Gorman, B., & Robin, M. W. (2018). The development of a measure of irrational/rational beliefs. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 36, 47-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0273-3.
  • Digiuseppe, R. A., Doyle, K. A., Dryden, W., & Backx, W. (2017). Rasyonel Duygucu Davranışçı Terapi Uygulamacısının Bir Kılavuzu. (M. Artıran, Çev. Edt.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. (Orijinal eser 2014 yılında basılmıştır.)
  • Dryden, W. (2001). The REBT View of Psychological Problems. In: Reason To Change: A Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) Workbook. Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge.
  • Dryden, W. (2003). The Cream Cake Made Me Eat It': An Introduction to The ABC Theory of REBT. In: Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy: Theoretical Developments. Hove and New York: Brunner-Routledge.
  • Dryden, W. (2013). Introduction. In: The ABCs of REBT Revisited Perspectives on Conceptualization. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-1-4614-5734-3
  • Everly G.S. & Lating J.M. (2019). The Concept of Stress. In: A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response (4. bs.). Springer, New York, NY https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9098-6_1
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., … & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
  • Holmes, E. A., R.C. O’Connor, V.H. Perry, Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L.,… Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547-560, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
  • Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102239. Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239
  • Kirman, F. (2020). Sosyal medyada salgın psikolojisi: algı, etki ve başa çıkma. Dünya İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 2, 11-44.
  • Köroğlu, E. (2011). Düşünsel Duygulanımcı Davranış Terapisi. (3. Baskı). Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Lally, M., & Valentine-French, S. (2017). Lifespan development: A psychological perspective (Open Education Resource textbook). USA: College of Lake County Foundation
  • Lau, A. L. D., Chi, I., Cummins, R. A., Lee, T. M. C., Chou, K.-L., & Chung, L. W. M. (2008). The SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) pandemic in Hong Kong: Effects on the subjective wellbeing of elderly and younger people. Aging & Mental Health, 12(6), 746–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802380607
  • Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing Qualitative Research (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Metin, A. & Çetinkaya, A. (2020). According to cognitive model possible effects of coronavirus pandemic on human psychology. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 10(1), 231-244. https://doi.org/ 10.26579/jocress.357
  • Ni, M.Y., Yang, L., Leung, C.M.C., Li, N., Yao, X.I., Wang, Y., … & Liao, Q. (2020). Mental health, risk factors, and social media use during the covıd-19 epidemic and cordon sanitaire among the community and health professionals in wuhan, china: cross-sectional survey. JMIR Ment Health, 7(5):e19009. https://doi.org/ 10.2196/19009
  • Nobles, J., Martin, F., Dawson, S., Moran, P., & Savovic, J. (2020). The potential impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes and the implications for service solutions. National Institute for Health Research. https://arc-w.nihr.ac.uk/Wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-Rapid-Review-COVID-and-Mental-Health-FINAL.pdf
  • Oltean, H. R., Hyland, P., Vallières, F., & David, D. O. (2017). An empirical assessment of REBT models of psychopathology and psychological health in the prediction of anxiety and depression symptoms. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 45(6), 600-615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465817000133
  • Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P., & Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15(8), 743–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x
  • Park, C. L., Beth S. Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Hutchison M., & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to cdc guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29, 1–8. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9 [Online ahead of print].
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Yöntemleri. (Çev. Edt. M. Bütün & S. B. Demir). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. Paudel, D. (2020). ABC framework of fear of COVID-19 for psychotherapeutic intervention in Nepal: a review. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9sj4a
  • Qian, M., Ye, D., Zhong, J., Xu, K., Zhang, L., Huang, Z., … & Nie, J. (2005). Behavioural, cognitive and emotional responses to SARS: differences between college students in Beijing and Suzhou. Stress and Health, 21(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1043
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2):e100213. https://doi.org/ 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Rehman, U., Shahnawaz, M.G., Khan, N.H. Kharshiing, K. D., Khursheed, M., Gupta, K.,… & Uniyal, R. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress among ındians in times of covid-19 lockdown. Community Mental Health Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x
  • Riehm, K. E., Holingue, C., Kalb, L. G., Bennett, D., Kapteyn, A., Jiang, Q., … & Thrul, J. (2020). Associations Between Media Exposure and Mental Distress Among U.S. Adults at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.008
  • Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S., Sharma, N., Verma, S., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry,51, 102083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
  • Selye, H. (1975). Confusion and controversy in the stress field. Journal of Human Stress, 1(2), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/0097840X.1975.9940406
  • Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Self-Compassion, Stress, and Coping in the Context of Chronic Illness. Self and Identity, 14(3), 334-347, https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.996249
  • Stone, L. (2020). Coping during a pandemic. Australian Journal of General Practice. https://doi.org/0.31128/ajgpcovid-19
  • Szentagotai, A., & Jones, J. (2010). The behavioral consequences of irrational beliefs. In D. David, S. J. Lynn, & A. Ellis (Eds.), Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Research, Theory and Clinical Practice (pp. 75–197). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Sønderskov, K. M., Dinesen, P.T., Santini, Z. I., & Østergaard, S. D. (2020). The depressive state of Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 1–3. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/neu.2020.15
  • T. C. İçişleri Bakanlığı, (2020). 81 il valiliğine coronavirüs tedbirleri konulu ek bir genelge daha gönderildi. Erişim adresi: https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/81-il-valiligine-koronavirus-tedbirleri-konulu-ek-genelge-gonderildi Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2020.
  • Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-7. doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225
  • Taylor S. (2019). The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., Gordon, J. G., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates. Depression and Anxiety, 37(8), 706-714. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23071
  • Tecuta, L., Tomba, E., Lupetti, A., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2019). Irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions, and depressive symptomatology in a college-age sample: A mediational analysis. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.33.2.116
  • Terán, V. G., Velásquez, E. E., & Fuentes, M. A. (2020). Irrational thinking and psychological distress: A cross-racial/ethnic examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110102
  • Üstün, Ç. ve Özçiftçi, S. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisinin Sosyal Yaşam ve Etik Düzlem Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Değerlendirme Çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25 (Ek Sayı 1), 142-153. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.721864
  • Vîslă, A., Flückiger, C., Grosse Holtforth, M., & David, D. (2016). Irrational beliefs and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441231
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • World Health Organization [WHO], (2020a). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2020.
  • World Health Organization [WHO], (2020b). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak . Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_2 Erişim tarihi: 28.07.2020.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (6. baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Çağla Karademir 0000-0002-0703-8883

Birsen Şahan 0000-0001-5147-516X

Proje Numarası yok
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karademir, Ç., & Şahan, B. (2021). Türkiye’de Covid-19 pandemisinin psikososyal etkileri ve akılcı duygusal davranışçı terapinin ABC modeli çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 4(2), 416-439. https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.951888



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