Öz
The publication of Thomas Kuhn’s work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, influenced the disciplines of history, philosophy and sociology and followed the results of this work in different directions. The most crucial point for philosophers in Kuhn’s work was the issue of “relativity”, which emerged with the claim that paradigms were “incommensurable”. Philosophers’ preoccupation with the ideas of relativity truth and rationality had been shaped the interperation of Kuhn in philosophical circles. Historians, on the other hand, were dominantly interested in historical causality, especially the “internal” and “external” causes of scientific change. The different reactions of the two groups can be understood in terms of their different disciplinary interests, but they also shared a common intellectual context in the contemporary debates about the politics of scientific knowledge. Kuhn’s work in question came out in a Cold War environment where the concept of the social dimension of science was highly politicized. In the early twentieth century, Hegelian and Marxist narratives of human progress were associated with broad political movements. The resulting ideological tensions soon began to be reflected in the way philosophers of history and science were examined. This common context shaped the readings of Kuhn by both philosophers and historians; However, both of the disciplines had different perspectives. Sociologists, though, made the idea of “relativity”, which rejected by philosophers, the cornerstone of their own sociologies of scientific knowledge. In the same period, both the political conditions of the period and the different perception of Thomas Kuhn among the disciplines of history, sociology and philosophy led the history of science to re-question and defend its own position and methodology.
Anahtar Kelimeler
History of Science Philosophy of Science Thomas Kuhn History and Sociology.
Kaynakça
- Barnes, Barry, and David Bloor. (1982). “Relativism, Rationalism and the Sociology of Knowledge.” In Rationality and Relativism, edited by Martin Hollis and Steven Lukes, 21–47. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Bloor, D. (1991). Knowledge and Social Imagery. 2nd. Edition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Bloor, David. (1983). Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge. London: Macmillan.
- Cohen, I. Bernard. (1984). “A Harvard Education.” Isis 75: 13–21.
- Fuller, Steve. (2000). Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Golinski, Jan. (2012). Integrating History anad Philosophy of Science-Problems and Prospects.Thomas Kuhn and Interdisciplinary Conversation: Why Historians and Philosophers of Science Stopped Talking to one Another (13-28). (Seymour Mauskopf, Tad Schmaltz, Ed.). Boston: Springer Dordrecht Publishing.
- Kadvany, John. (2001). Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- King, M.D. (1980). “Reason, Tradition, and the Progressiveness of Science.” In Paradigms and Revolutions: Appraisals and Applications of Thomas Kuhn’s Philosophy of Science, edited by Gary Gutting, 97–116. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Kuhn, Thomas S. (1969). Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. (Nilüfer Kuyaş, çev.), İstanbul: Alan Yayıncılık.
- Lakatos, Imre. (1970). “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, 91–196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mauskopf, S. ve Schmaltz, T. (ed.). (2012). Integrating History anad Philosophy of Science-Problems and Prospects. Introduction. Boston: Springer Dordrecht Publishing.
- Mayer, Anna-K. (1999). “‘I have been very fortunate...’. Brief Report on the BSHS Oral History Project: ‘The history of science in Britain, 1945–65’.” British Journal for the History of Science 32: 223–35.
- Merton, Robert K. (1973). The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, edited by Norman W. Storer. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Miller, D. M. (2012). Integrating History anad Philosophy of Science-Problems and Prospects. The History and Philosophy of Science History. Boston: Springer Dordrecht Publishing.
- Novick, Peter. (1988). That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Popper, Karl R. (1970). “Normal Science and Its Dangers.” In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, 51–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Shapin, Steven. (1992). “Discipline and Bounding: The History and Sociology of Science as Seen Through the Externalism-Internalism Debate.” History of Science 30: 333–69.
- Smith, Barbara Herrnstein. (2006). Scandalous Knowledge: Science, Truth and the Human. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Young, Robert M. (1985). “Darwin’s Metaphor: Does Nature Select?” In Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture, 79–125. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Young, Robert M. (1990). “Marxism and the History of Science.” In Companion to the History of Modern Science, edited by R.C. Olby, G.N. Cantor, J.R.R. Christie and M.J.S. Hodge, 23–31. London: Routledge.
- Zammito, John H. (2004). A Nice Derangement of Epistemes: Post-Positivism in the Study of Science from Quine to Latour. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Öz
Thomas Kuhn’un Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı adlı eserinin yayınlanmasıyla birlikte tarih, felsefe ve sosyoloji disiplinleri bu eserden etkilenmiş ve bu eserin sonuçlarını değişik yönlerde takip etmişlerdi. Kuhn’un eserinde felsefeciler için en can alıcı nokta, paradigmaların “kıyaslanamaz” olduğu iddiasıyla ortaya çıkan “görelilik” meselesiydi. Felsefecilerin görelilik ve buna bağlı olarak hakikat ve rasyonellik gibi konularla meşgul olmaları, Kuhn’un felsefî çevrelerdeki yorumunu da belirlemiş oldu. Diğer taraftan tarihçiler daha çok tarihsel nedensellik, özellikle de bilimsel değişimin “içsel” ve “dışsal” nedenleriyle ilgileniyorlardı. İki grubun farklı tepkileri, farklı disiplinlere ait ilgi alanları açısından anlaşılabilir, fakat bu iki grup aynı zamanda bilimsel bilgi politikalarına ilişkin o dönemdeki tartışmalarda ortak bir entelektüel bağlamı paylaşıyorlardı. Kuhn’un söz konusu eseri, bilimin toplumsal boyutu kavramının oldukça siyasallaştığı bir Soğuk Savaş ortamında ortaya çıkmıştı. Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında, Hegelci ve Marksist insani ilerleme anlatıları geniş siyasi hareketlerle ilişkilendirilmişti. Ortaya çıkan ideolojik gerilimler çok geçmeden tarih ve bilim felsefecilerinin incelenme biçimine de yansımaya başlamıştı. İşte bu ortak bağlam hem filozofların hem de tarihçilerin Kuhn okumalarını şekillendirmişti; ancak bu okumalar birbirinden farklı şekilde anlaşılmıştı. Sosyologlar ise felsefecilerin reddettiği “görelilik” düşüncesini, kendi bilimsel bilgi sosyolojilerinin mihenk taşı yapmışlardı. Aynı süreçte hem dönemin siyasi koşulları hem de Thomas Kuhn’un tarih, sosyoloji ve felsefe disiplinleri arasındaki farklı algılanışı bilim tarihinin kendi konumu ve metodolojisini yeniden sorgulamaya ve savunmaya yönlendirmişti.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Barnes, Barry, and David Bloor. (1982). “Relativism, Rationalism and the Sociology of Knowledge.” In Rationality and Relativism, edited by Martin Hollis and Steven Lukes, 21–47. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Bloor, D. (1991). Knowledge and Social Imagery. 2nd. Edition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Bloor, David. (1983). Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge. London: Macmillan.
- Cohen, I. Bernard. (1984). “A Harvard Education.” Isis 75: 13–21.
- Fuller, Steve. (2000). Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Golinski, Jan. (2012). Integrating History anad Philosophy of Science-Problems and Prospects.Thomas Kuhn and Interdisciplinary Conversation: Why Historians and Philosophers of Science Stopped Talking to one Another (13-28). (Seymour Mauskopf, Tad Schmaltz, Ed.). Boston: Springer Dordrecht Publishing.
- Kadvany, John. (2001). Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- King, M.D. (1980). “Reason, Tradition, and the Progressiveness of Science.” In Paradigms and Revolutions: Appraisals and Applications of Thomas Kuhn’s Philosophy of Science, edited by Gary Gutting, 97–116. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Kuhn, Thomas S. (1969). Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. (Nilüfer Kuyaş, çev.), İstanbul: Alan Yayıncılık.
- Lakatos, Imre. (1970). “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, 91–196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mauskopf, S. ve Schmaltz, T. (ed.). (2012). Integrating History anad Philosophy of Science-Problems and Prospects. Introduction. Boston: Springer Dordrecht Publishing.
- Mayer, Anna-K. (1999). “‘I have been very fortunate...’. Brief Report on the BSHS Oral History Project: ‘The history of science in Britain, 1945–65’.” British Journal for the History of Science 32: 223–35.
- Merton, Robert K. (1973). The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, edited by Norman W. Storer. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Miller, D. M. (2012). Integrating History anad Philosophy of Science-Problems and Prospects. The History and Philosophy of Science History. Boston: Springer Dordrecht Publishing.
- Novick, Peter. (1988). That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Popper, Karl R. (1970). “Normal Science and Its Dangers.” In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, 51–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Shapin, Steven. (1992). “Discipline and Bounding: The History and Sociology of Science as Seen Through the Externalism-Internalism Debate.” History of Science 30: 333–69.
- Smith, Barbara Herrnstein. (2006). Scandalous Knowledge: Science, Truth and the Human. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Young, Robert M. (1985). “Darwin’s Metaphor: Does Nature Select?” In Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture, 79–125. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Young, Robert M. (1990). “Marxism and the History of Science.” In Companion to the History of Modern Science, edited by R.C. Olby, G.N. Cantor, J.R.R. Christie and M.J.S. Hodge, 23–31. London: Routledge.
- Zammito, John H. (2004). A Nice Derangement of Epistemes: Post-Positivism in the Study of Science from Quine to Latour. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sistematik Felsefe (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Mart 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Ekim 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 7 Ocak 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
e-ISSN: 2645-8950