Öz
Qualitative research is an approach which focuses on researching social facts in their context
by aiming theory formation. People’s lives, their experiences, behaviours, emotions, feelings as well as social
functioning, social movements, cultural events, and international relations may be the subject matter of
qualitative research. It is clear that such research has been increasing recently in social sciences. In parallel to
this increase, the problem of conducting high quality research has emerged. This research aims at such
concepts as reliability and validity- which are employed in qualitative research- as well as other alternate
concepts, and a theoretical examination of the strategies for performing high quality research. It is stressed in
this paper that researchers’ use of such strategies as iterative questioning, choosing random samples, detailed
quotations, concentrating on ties, analysis forms, determining the limits of the research, self-evaluation
(reflection, being affected by the action), discovering the conflicting cases, searching for negative cases and
alternative explanation, triangulation, peer debriefing, thick description, audit trail, longitudinal research
design and member checking (getting feedback, communicative validation) are likely to raise the quality of
research.
Anahtar Kelimeler
qualitative research reliability and validity quality of research
Kaynakça
- Appleton, J.V. (1995). Analysing qualitative interview data: Addressing issues of validity and reliability. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22, 993-997.
- Balc(, A. (2005). Sosyal Bilimlerde Ara;t(rma. (5. Bask(). Ankara: Pegema Yay(nc(l(k.
- Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (1992). Qualitative research for education: A introduction to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Bouma, G.D., & Atkinson, G.B.J. (1995). A handbook of social science research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. California: Sage Publications Inc.
- Creswell, J.W., & Miller, D.L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39, 124-130.
- Daymon, C., & Holloway, I. (2003). Qualitative Research Methods in Public Relations and marketing communications. London: Rout ledge.
- Geray, H. (2004). Toplumsal ara t rmalarda nicel ve nitel yöntemlere giri . Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Glesne, C., & Peshkin, A. (1992). Becoming qualitative researchers an introduction. London: Longman Group Ltd.
- Hammersley, M. (1998). Partisanship and credibility: the case of antiracist educational research, in: P. Connolly & B. Troyna (Eds) Researching Racism in Education: Politics, Theory and Practice (Buckingham, Open University Press).
- Hinds, P.S., Scandrett-Hibden, S., & McAulay, L. (1990). Further assessment of a method to estimate reliability and validity of qualitative research findings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 430-435.
- I;(ko lu, N. (2005). E itimde nitel ara;t(rma. E itim Ara t rmalar , 20, 158-165.
- Kümbeto lu, B. (2005). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve ara t rma. stanbul: Ba lam Yay(nc(l(k.
- Ku;, E. (2003). Nicel-nitel ara t rma teknikleri. Ankara: An( Yay(nc(l(k.
- Ku;, E. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde bilgisayar destekli nitel veri analizi. Ankara: An( Yay(nc(l(k.
- Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Malinowski, B. (1992). Bilimsel bir kültür teorisi. (Çev. Özkal, S.). stanbul: Kabalc( Yay(nlar(. (Özgün Çal(;ma 1992).
- Marvasti, A.B. (2004). Qualitative research in sociology. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Maxwell, J.A. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62, 979-1000.
- Mayring, P. (2000). Nitel Sosyal Ara t rmaya Giri . (Çev. Gümü;, A., & Durgun, M.S.). Adana: Baki Kitabevi. (Özgün çal(;ma 1990).
- Miller, D.L. (1997). One strategy for assessing the trustworthiness of qualitative research: Operationality the external audit. Dissertation Abstract International, (ERIC No. 4112668)
- Morse, J.M., Mayan, M., Spiers, J., Barrett, M., & Olson, K. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1, 1-19.
- Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Poggenpoel, M., & Myburgh, C. (2003). The researcher as research instrument in educational research: A possible threat to trustworthiness? (A: Research_instrument). Education, 124, 418-421.
- Pollard, M. (1992). Margaret Mead. (Çev. Onat, L.). Ankara: lkkaynak Kültür ve Sanat Ürünleri. (Özgün çal(;ma 1992).
- Punch, K.F. (2005). Sosyal ara t rmalara giri : Nicel ve nitel yakla mlar. (Çev: Bayrak, D., Arslan, H.B., & Akyüz, Z.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi. (Özgün çal(;ma 2005)
- Roberts, P., & Priest, H. (2006).Reliability and validity in research. Nursing Standard, 20, 41-45.
- Rolf, G. (2006). Validity, trustworthiness and rigour; quality and idea or qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53, 304-310.
- Seale, C. (2001). Qualitative methods: Validity and reliability. European Journal of Cancer Care, 10, 131-136.
- Shenton, A. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22, 63-75.
- Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. London: Sage.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2rd ed.). London: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Topkaya, E.Z. (2006). Y(ld(r(m, Ali ve Jim;ek, Hasan. Sosyal Bilimlerde nitel ara;t(rma yöntemleri güncelle;tirilmi; geli;tirilmi; 5. bask(, Ankara: Seçkin yay(nc(l(k, 2005, 366s. ISBN 97502000 [Sosyal bilimlerde nitel ara;t(rma yöntemleri kitab(n(n incelemesi]. E itimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 2, 113-118.
- Twycross, A., & Shields, L. (2005). Validity and reliability-what’s it all about? Part3 issues relating to qualitative studies. Paediatric Nursing, 17, 36.
- Ural, A., & K(l(ç, . (2005). Bilimsel ara t rma süreci. Ankara: Detay Yay(nc(l(k.
- Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S.G. (2005). Research methods in education: An introduction. Boston: Ally and Bacon.
- Y(ld(r(m, A. (1999). Nitel ara;t(rma yöntemlerinin temel özellikleri ve e itim ara;t(rmalar(ndaki yeri ve önemi. E itim ve Bilim, 23, 7-12.
- Y(ld(r(m, A., & Jim;ek, H. (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel ara t rma yöntemleri. (5. Bask(). Ankara: Seçkin Yay(nc(l(k.
Öz
Nitel araştırma, kuram oluşturmayı temel alan bir anlayışla sosyal olguları, bağlı bulundukları ortam araştırma planı ve anlamayı ön plana alan bir yaklaşımdır. nsanların yaşayışları, yaşanmış tecrübeleri, davranışları, duyguları, hisleri işyeri, sosyal hareketler, kültürel olaylar ve uluslar ilgili ilişkiler nitel araştırmaları konusu olabilir. Bir son derece sosyal bilmeler niteliği araştırmaların arttığı görülür. Bu araştırmaların artmasıyla birlikte nitel araştırmalarda yeter sorular meydana getirme problemi de gündemdeki yerini sunuyor. Bu kamera nitel araştırmalarda kaynak geçerlik ve güvenirlik (güvenilirlik-vali) kavramları, bu kavramlara alternatif olarak işçi kavramlar ve nitel araştırmalarda beceriler için ne yapmak teorik olarak devam amaçlanmıştır. Bu içerida, nitel çalışma yapan şablonların; tekrarlı sorular, rastlantısal örneklem seçme, bileşen alıntılar yapma, bağlantılara yoğunlaşma, analiz formu, araştırmanın sınırlarını ortaya koyma, kendini değerlendirme (dönüşlülük, eylemden etkilenme), çarpık durumları bulma, negatif ve alternatif sonuçlarla karşılaştırma, çeşitleme (üçgenleme, sac ayağı), eş denetleme (uzman incelemesi), karmaşık yoldan denetleme (çalışma özeti), uzun süreli çalışmalar ve katılımcı teyidi (dönüt alma, iletişimsel doğrulama) gibi stratejileri kullanma çalışmanın niteliğini artıracağı vurgulanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
nitel araştırma geçerlik ve güvenirlik araştırmanın niteliği
Kaynakça
- Appleton, J.V. (1995). Analysing qualitative interview data: Addressing issues of validity and reliability. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22, 993-997.
- Balc(, A. (2005). Sosyal Bilimlerde Ara;t(rma. (5. Bask(). Ankara: Pegema Yay(nc(l(k.
- Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (1992). Qualitative research for education: A introduction to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Bouma, G.D., & Atkinson, G.B.J. (1995). A handbook of social science research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. California: Sage Publications Inc.
- Creswell, J.W., & Miller, D.L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39, 124-130.
- Daymon, C., & Holloway, I. (2003). Qualitative Research Methods in Public Relations and marketing communications. London: Rout ledge.
- Geray, H. (2004). Toplumsal ara t rmalarda nicel ve nitel yöntemlere giri . Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Glesne, C., & Peshkin, A. (1992). Becoming qualitative researchers an introduction. London: Longman Group Ltd.
- Hammersley, M. (1998). Partisanship and credibility: the case of antiracist educational research, in: P. Connolly & B. Troyna (Eds) Researching Racism in Education: Politics, Theory and Practice (Buckingham, Open University Press).
- Hinds, P.S., Scandrett-Hibden, S., & McAulay, L. (1990). Further assessment of a method to estimate reliability and validity of qualitative research findings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 430-435.
- I;(ko lu, N. (2005). E itimde nitel ara;t(rma. E itim Ara t rmalar , 20, 158-165.
- Kümbeto lu, B. (2005). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve ara t rma. stanbul: Ba lam Yay(nc(l(k.
- Ku;, E. (2003). Nicel-nitel ara t rma teknikleri. Ankara: An( Yay(nc(l(k.
- Ku;, E. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde bilgisayar destekli nitel veri analizi. Ankara: An( Yay(nc(l(k.
- Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Malinowski, B. (1992). Bilimsel bir kültür teorisi. (Çev. Özkal, S.). stanbul: Kabalc( Yay(nlar(. (Özgün Çal(;ma 1992).
- Marvasti, A.B. (2004). Qualitative research in sociology. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Maxwell, J.A. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62, 979-1000.
- Mayring, P. (2000). Nitel Sosyal Ara t rmaya Giri . (Çev. Gümü;, A., & Durgun, M.S.). Adana: Baki Kitabevi. (Özgün çal(;ma 1990).
- Miller, D.L. (1997). One strategy for assessing the trustworthiness of qualitative research: Operationality the external audit. Dissertation Abstract International, (ERIC No. 4112668)
- Morse, J.M., Mayan, M., Spiers, J., Barrett, M., & Olson, K. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1, 1-19.
- Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Poggenpoel, M., & Myburgh, C. (2003). The researcher as research instrument in educational research: A possible threat to trustworthiness? (A: Research_instrument). Education, 124, 418-421.
- Pollard, M. (1992). Margaret Mead. (Çev. Onat, L.). Ankara: lkkaynak Kültür ve Sanat Ürünleri. (Özgün çal(;ma 1992).
- Punch, K.F. (2005). Sosyal ara t rmalara giri : Nicel ve nitel yakla mlar. (Çev: Bayrak, D., Arslan, H.B., & Akyüz, Z.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi. (Özgün çal(;ma 2005)
- Roberts, P., & Priest, H. (2006).Reliability and validity in research. Nursing Standard, 20, 41-45.
- Rolf, G. (2006). Validity, trustworthiness and rigour; quality and idea or qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53, 304-310.
- Seale, C. (2001). Qualitative methods: Validity and reliability. European Journal of Cancer Care, 10, 131-136.
- Shenton, A. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22, 63-75.
- Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. London: Sage.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2rd ed.). London: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Topkaya, E.Z. (2006). Y(ld(r(m, Ali ve Jim;ek, Hasan. Sosyal Bilimlerde nitel ara;t(rma yöntemleri güncelle;tirilmi; geli;tirilmi; 5. bask(, Ankara: Seçkin yay(nc(l(k, 2005, 366s. ISBN 97502000 [Sosyal bilimlerde nitel ara;t(rma yöntemleri kitab(n(n incelemesi]. E itimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 2, 113-118.
- Twycross, A., & Shields, L. (2005). Validity and reliability-what’s it all about? Part3 issues relating to qualitative studies. Paediatric Nursing, 17, 36.
- Ural, A., & K(l(ç, . (2005). Bilimsel ara t rma süreci. Ankara: Detay Yay(nc(l(k.
- Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S.G. (2005). Research methods in education: An introduction. Boston: Ally and Bacon.
- Y(ld(r(m, A. (1999). Nitel ara;t(rma yöntemlerinin temel özellikleri ve e itim ara;t(rmalar(ndaki yeri ve önemi. E itim ve Bilim, 23, 7-12.
- Y(ld(r(m, A., & Jim;ek, H. (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel ara t rma yöntemleri. (5. Bask(). Ankara: Seçkin Yay(nc(l(k.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Haziran 2010 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2010 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 |