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Do moderate-to-late preterm twins and singletons differ in the early motor repertoire and later developmental functioning?

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 27 - 34, 15.01.2024

Bilge Nur Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu Akmer Mutlu

https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1311196

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in early motor repertoire and later developmental functioning between moderate-to-late preterm twins and singletons. Material and Methods: The study included 40 moderate-to-late preterm twin infants (50% female), and 40 moderate-to-late preterm singleton infants (50% female). All infants were assessed from 9 up to 20 post-term weeks of corrected age using the General Movement Assessment (GMA), and between 24 and 42 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). Results: There were no differences between the Motor Optimality Score (MOS) and its subcategories, including fidgety movements, obtained as a result of detailed GMA (p>0.05), when the early motor repertoire results were examined. At later ages, there were also no significant differences in cognitive, language, and motor domain composite scores between twin and singleton infants, according to Bayley-III (p>0.05). Discussion: Our results suggest moderate-to-late preterm twin infants had a similar developmental process to moderate-to-late preterm singleton infants from early periods up to 3.5 years of age. However, all preterm infants, including moderate-to-late infants, should be assessed in the clinic in terms of the risks of developmental problems from the early period of life.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Infant development Movements Multiple birth Preterm birth Twins

Kaynakça

  • Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development: Administration Manual. San Antonio, TX. Harcourt Assessment.
  • Blencowe, H., Lee, A. C., Cousens, S., Bahalim, A., Narwal, R., Zhong N., et al. (2013). Preterm birth-associated neurodevelopmental impairment estimates at regional and global levels for 2010. Pediatr Res, 74(Suppl 1), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2013.204.
  • Blondel, B., Macfarlane, A., Gissler, M., Breart, G., & Zeitlin, J. (2006). General obstetrics: preterm birth and multiple pregnancy in European countries participating in the PERISTAT project. BJOG, 113(5), 528-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00923.x.
  • Bosanquet, M., Copeland, L., Ware, R., & Boyd, R. (2013). A systematic review of tests to predict cerebral palsy in young children. Dev Med Child Neurol, 55(5), 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12140.
  • Brogna, C., Romeo, D. M., Cervesi, C., Scrofani, L., Romeo, M. G., Mercuri, E., et al. (2013). Prognostic value of the qualitative assessments of general movements in late-preterm infants. Early Hum Dev, 89(12), 1063-1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.08.008.
  • Dostanic, T., Sustersic, B., & Paro-Panjan, D. (2018). Developmental outcome in a group of twins: relation to perinatal factors and general movements. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 22(4), 682-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.04.006.
  • Einspieler, C., Prechtl, H. F. R., Bos, A. F., Ferrari, F., & Cioni, G. (2004). Prechtl's Method on The Qualitative Assessment of General Movements in Preterm, Term and Young Infants, (pp. 1-104).UK: MacKeith Press.
  • Einspieler, C., Bos, A. F., Krieber-Tomantschger, M., Alvarado, E., Barbosa, V. M., Bertoncelli, N., et al. (2019). Cerebral palsy: early markers of clinical phenotype and functional outcome. J Clin Med, 8(10), 1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101616.
  • Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D., & Romero, R. (2008). Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet, 371(9606), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4.
  • SMFM Research Committee, Grantz, K. L., Kawakita, T., Lu, Y. L., Newman, R., Berghella, V., et al. (2019). SMFM special statement: state of the science on multifetal gestations: unique considerations and importance. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 221(2), B2-B12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.04.013.
  • Heino, A., Gissler, M., Hindori-Mohangoo, A. D., Blondel, B., Klungsøyr, K., Verdenik, I., et al. (2016). Variations in multiple birth rates and impact on perinatal outcomes in Europe. PLoS One, 11(3), e0149252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149252.
  • Kerstjens, J. M., De Winter, A. F., Bocca‐Tjeertes, I. F., Bos, A. F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2012). Risk of developmental delay increases exponentially as gestational age of preterm infants decreases: a cohort study at age 4 years. Dev Med Child Neurol, 54(12), 1096-1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04423.x.
  • Kyriakidou, M., Karagianni, P., Iliodromiti, Z., Chatziioannidis, I., Papaioannou, E., Exadaktilou, S., et al. (2013). Comparison of 24 months neurodevelopmental outcome in twins and singletons ≤ 34 weeks gestation at birth. JPNIM, 2(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.7363/020101.
  • Kwong, A. K., Fitzgerald, T. L., Doyle, L. W., Cheong, J. L., & Spittle, A. J. (2018). Predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movement for later cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol, 60(5), 480-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13697.
  • Kwong, A. K., Doyle, L. W., Olsen, J. E., Eeles, A. L., Lee, K. J., Cheong, J. L., et al. (2022). Early motor repertoire and neurodevelopment at 2 years in infants born extremely preterm or extremely‐low‐birthweight. Dev Med Child Neurol, 64(7), 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15167.
  • Ma, L., Meng, L. D., Chen, Y. H., Yi, M. J., Wang, J. W., & Cao, A. H. (2018). Risk factors associated with general movement quality in infants. HK J Paediatr (new series), 23(3), 225-232.
  • Månsson, J., & Stjernqvist, K. (2014). Children born extremely preterm show significant lower cognitive, language and motor function levels compared with children born at term, as measured by the Bayley‐III at 2.5 years. Acta Paediatr, 103(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12585.
  • Nan, C., Piek, J., Warner, C., Mellers, D., Krone, R. E., Barrett, T., et al. (2013). Trajectories and predictors of developmental skills in healthy twins up to 24 months of age. Infant Behav Dev, 36(4), 670-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.07.003.
  • Örtqvist, M., Einspieler, C., & Ådén, U. (2022). Early prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 years in children born extremely preterm. Pediatr Res, 91(6), 1522-1529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01564-w.
  • Peyton, C., Millman, R., Rodriguez, S., Boswell, L., Naber, M., Spittle, A., et al. (2022). Motor Optimality Scores are significantly lower in a population of high-risk infants than in infants born moderate-late preterm. Early Hum Dev, 174, 105684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105684.
  • Peyton, C., Einspieler, C., Fjørtoft, T., Adde, L., Schreiber, M. D., Drobyshevsky, A., et al. (2020). Correlates of normal and abnormal general movements in infancy and long-term neurodevelopment of preterm infants: insights from functional connectivity studies at term equivalence. J Clin Med, 9(3), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030834.
  • Prechtl, H. F., Einspieler, C., Cioni, G., Bos, A. F., Ferrari, F., & Sontheimer, D. (1997). An early marker for neurological deficits after perinatal brain lesions. Lancet, 349(9062), 1361-1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10182-3.
  • Salavati, S., Bos, A. F., Doyle, L. W., Anderson, P. J., & Spittle, A. J. (2021). Very preterm early motor repertoire and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 8 years. Pediatrics, 148(3), e2020049572. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-049572.
  • Sellier, E., Goldsmith, S., McIntyre, S., Perra, O., Rackauskaite, G., Badawi, N., et al., (2021). Cerebral palsy in twins and higher multiple births: a Europe‐Australia population‐based study. Dev Med Child Neurol, 63(6), 712-720. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14827.
  • Škrablin, S., Kuvačić, I., Šimunić, V., Bošnjak-Nadj, K., Kalafatić, D., & Banović, V. (2007). Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of triplets. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 132(1), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.06.019.
  • Sutcliffe, A. G., & Derom, C. (2006). Follow-up of twins: health, behaviour, speech, language outcomes and implications for parents. Early Hum Dev, 82(6), 379-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.03.007.
  • Topal, Y., Yardımcı-Lokmanoğlu, B. N., Topuz, S., & Mutlu, A. (2023). Early spontaneous movements and spatiotemporal gait characteristics in preterm children. Eur J Pediatr, 182(6), 2913-2923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-04949-7.
  • Tough, S. C., Greene, C. A., Svenson, L. W., & Belik, J. (2000). Effects of in vitro fertilization on low birth weight, preterm delivery, and multiple birth. J Pediatr, 136(5), 618-622. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2000.105132.
  • Yang, H., Einspieler, C., Shi, W., Marschik, P. B., Wang, Y., Cao, Y., et al. (2012). Cerebral palsy in children: movements and postures during early infancy, dependent on preterm vs. full term birth. Early Hum Dev, 88(10), 837-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.06.004.
  • Ylijoki, M., Haataja, L., Lind, A., Ekholm, E., Lehtonen, L., & PIPARI study group. (2020). Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm twins at 5 years of age. Pediatr Res, 87(6), 1072-1080. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0688-x.
  • Wadhawan, R., Oh, W., Perritt, R. L., McDonald, S. A., Das, A., Poole, W. K., et al. (2009). Twin gestation and neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 123(2), e220-e227. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1126.
  • Williams, J., Lee, K. J., & Anderson, P. J. (2010). Prevalence of motor‐skill impairment in preterm children who do not develop cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol, 52(3), 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03544.x.
  • Woythaler, M. A., McCormick, M. C., & Smith, V. C. (2011). Late preterm infants have worse 24-month neurodevelopmental outcomes than term infants. Pediatrics, 127(3), e622-e629. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3598.
  • World Health Organization. (1977). WHO: recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 56(3), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016347709162009

Orta-geç Preterm İkiz ve Tekil Bebeklerin Erken Motor Repertuar ve İleri Yaş Gelişimsel Fonksiyonellik Sonuçları Farklılık Gösterir Mi?

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 27 - 34, 15.01.2024

Bilge Nur Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu Akmer Mutlu

https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1311196

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, orta-geç preterm ikizler ve tekil bebekler arasındaki erken motor repertuardaki ve ileri yaştaki gelişimsel fonksiyonellikte farklılıkları araştırmaktı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 40 orta-geç erken doğmuş ikiz bebek (%50 kız) ve 40 orta-geç erken doğmuş tekil bebek (%50 kız) dahil edildi. Tüm bebekler, General Movement Değerlendirmesi (GMD) kullanılarak düzeltilmiş yaşları post-term 9 – 20 hafta arasında ve ileri dönemde Bayley Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklar için Gelişim Ölçeği, Üçüncü Baskı (Bayley-III) kullanılarak 24 – 42 aylar arasında değerlendirildi. Sonuçlar: Erken motor repertuar sonuçları incelendiğinde detaylı GMD sonucunda elde edilen Motor Optimallik Skoru (MOS) ve fidgety hareketlerin de dahil olduğu alt kategorileri arasında fark yoktu (p>0,05). İleriki yaşta Bayley-III’e göre ikiz ve tekiz bebekler arasında bilişsel, dil ve motor alan bileşik puanlarında da anlamlı bir fark yoktu (p>0,05). Tartışma: Sonuçlarımız, orta-geç erken doğmuş ikiz bebeklerin, yaşamlarının erken dönemlerinden 3,5 yaşına kadar orta-geç erken doğmuş tekiz bebeklerle benzer bir gelişim sürecine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak orta-geç preterm bebekler de dahil olmak üzere tüm erken doğmuş bebeklerin, klinikte yaşamın erken döneminden itibaren gelişimsel sorun riskleri açısından değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bebek gelişimi Hareket Multipl doğum Erken doğum İkizler

Kaynakça

  • Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development: Administration Manual. San Antonio, TX. Harcourt Assessment.
  • Blencowe, H., Lee, A. C., Cousens, S., Bahalim, A., Narwal, R., Zhong N., et al. (2013). Preterm birth-associated neurodevelopmental impairment estimates at regional and global levels for 2010. Pediatr Res, 74(Suppl 1), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2013.204.
  • Blondel, B., Macfarlane, A., Gissler, M., Breart, G., & Zeitlin, J. (2006). General obstetrics: preterm birth and multiple pregnancy in European countries participating in the PERISTAT project. BJOG, 113(5), 528-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00923.x.
  • Bosanquet, M., Copeland, L., Ware, R., & Boyd, R. (2013). A systematic review of tests to predict cerebral palsy in young children. Dev Med Child Neurol, 55(5), 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12140.
  • Brogna, C., Romeo, D. M., Cervesi, C., Scrofani, L., Romeo, M. G., Mercuri, E., et al. (2013). Prognostic value of the qualitative assessments of general movements in late-preterm infants. Early Hum Dev, 89(12), 1063-1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.08.008.
  • Dostanic, T., Sustersic, B., & Paro-Panjan, D. (2018). Developmental outcome in a group of twins: relation to perinatal factors and general movements. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 22(4), 682-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.04.006.
  • Einspieler, C., Prechtl, H. F. R., Bos, A. F., Ferrari, F., & Cioni, G. (2004). Prechtl's Method on The Qualitative Assessment of General Movements in Preterm, Term and Young Infants, (pp. 1-104).UK: MacKeith Press.
  • Einspieler, C., Bos, A. F., Krieber-Tomantschger, M., Alvarado, E., Barbosa, V. M., Bertoncelli, N., et al. (2019). Cerebral palsy: early markers of clinical phenotype and functional outcome. J Clin Med, 8(10), 1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101616.
  • Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D., & Romero, R. (2008). Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet, 371(9606), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4.
  • SMFM Research Committee, Grantz, K. L., Kawakita, T., Lu, Y. L., Newman, R., Berghella, V., et al. (2019). SMFM special statement: state of the science on multifetal gestations: unique considerations and importance. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 221(2), B2-B12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.04.013.
  • Heino, A., Gissler, M., Hindori-Mohangoo, A. D., Blondel, B., Klungsøyr, K., Verdenik, I., et al. (2016). Variations in multiple birth rates and impact on perinatal outcomes in Europe. PLoS One, 11(3), e0149252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149252.
  • Kerstjens, J. M., De Winter, A. F., Bocca‐Tjeertes, I. F., Bos, A. F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2012). Risk of developmental delay increases exponentially as gestational age of preterm infants decreases: a cohort study at age 4 years. Dev Med Child Neurol, 54(12), 1096-1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04423.x.
  • Kyriakidou, M., Karagianni, P., Iliodromiti, Z., Chatziioannidis, I., Papaioannou, E., Exadaktilou, S., et al. (2013). Comparison of 24 months neurodevelopmental outcome in twins and singletons ≤ 34 weeks gestation at birth. JPNIM, 2(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.7363/020101.
  • Kwong, A. K., Fitzgerald, T. L., Doyle, L. W., Cheong, J. L., & Spittle, A. J. (2018). Predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movement for later cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol, 60(5), 480-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13697.
  • Kwong, A. K., Doyle, L. W., Olsen, J. E., Eeles, A. L., Lee, K. J., Cheong, J. L., et al. (2022). Early motor repertoire and neurodevelopment at 2 years in infants born extremely preterm or extremely‐low‐birthweight. Dev Med Child Neurol, 64(7), 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15167.
  • Ma, L., Meng, L. D., Chen, Y. H., Yi, M. J., Wang, J. W., & Cao, A. H. (2018). Risk factors associated with general movement quality in infants. HK J Paediatr (new series), 23(3), 225-232.
  • Månsson, J., & Stjernqvist, K. (2014). Children born extremely preterm show significant lower cognitive, language and motor function levels compared with children born at term, as measured by the Bayley‐III at 2.5 years. Acta Paediatr, 103(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12585.
  • Nan, C., Piek, J., Warner, C., Mellers, D., Krone, R. E., Barrett, T., et al. (2013). Trajectories and predictors of developmental skills in healthy twins up to 24 months of age. Infant Behav Dev, 36(4), 670-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.07.003.
  • Örtqvist, M., Einspieler, C., & Ådén, U. (2022). Early prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 years in children born extremely preterm. Pediatr Res, 91(6), 1522-1529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01564-w.
  • Peyton, C., Millman, R., Rodriguez, S., Boswell, L., Naber, M., Spittle, A., et al. (2022). Motor Optimality Scores are significantly lower in a population of high-risk infants than in infants born moderate-late preterm. Early Hum Dev, 174, 105684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105684.
  • Peyton, C., Einspieler, C., Fjørtoft, T., Adde, L., Schreiber, M. D., Drobyshevsky, A., et al. (2020). Correlates of normal and abnormal general movements in infancy and long-term neurodevelopment of preterm infants: insights from functional connectivity studies at term equivalence. J Clin Med, 9(3), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030834.
  • Prechtl, H. F., Einspieler, C., Cioni, G., Bos, A. F., Ferrari, F., & Sontheimer, D. (1997). An early marker for neurological deficits after perinatal brain lesions. Lancet, 349(9062), 1361-1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10182-3.
  • Salavati, S., Bos, A. F., Doyle, L. W., Anderson, P. J., & Spittle, A. J. (2021). Very preterm early motor repertoire and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 8 years. Pediatrics, 148(3), e2020049572. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-049572.
  • Sellier, E., Goldsmith, S., McIntyre, S., Perra, O., Rackauskaite, G., Badawi, N., et al., (2021). Cerebral palsy in twins and higher multiple births: a Europe‐Australia population‐based study. Dev Med Child Neurol, 63(6), 712-720. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14827.
  • Škrablin, S., Kuvačić, I., Šimunić, V., Bošnjak-Nadj, K., Kalafatić, D., & Banović, V. (2007). Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of triplets. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 132(1), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.06.019.
  • Sutcliffe, A. G., & Derom, C. (2006). Follow-up of twins: health, behaviour, speech, language outcomes and implications for parents. Early Hum Dev, 82(6), 379-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.03.007.
  • Topal, Y., Yardımcı-Lokmanoğlu, B. N., Topuz, S., & Mutlu, A. (2023). Early spontaneous movements and spatiotemporal gait characteristics in preterm children. Eur J Pediatr, 182(6), 2913-2923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-04949-7.
  • Tough, S. C., Greene, C. A., Svenson, L. W., & Belik, J. (2000). Effects of in vitro fertilization on low birth weight, preterm delivery, and multiple birth. J Pediatr, 136(5), 618-622. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2000.105132.
  • Yang, H., Einspieler, C., Shi, W., Marschik, P. B., Wang, Y., Cao, Y., et al. (2012). Cerebral palsy in children: movements and postures during early infancy, dependent on preterm vs. full term birth. Early Hum Dev, 88(10), 837-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.06.004.
  • Ylijoki, M., Haataja, L., Lind, A., Ekholm, E., Lehtonen, L., & PIPARI study group. (2020). Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm twins at 5 years of age. Pediatr Res, 87(6), 1072-1080. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0688-x.
  • Wadhawan, R., Oh, W., Perritt, R. L., McDonald, S. A., Das, A., Poole, W. K., et al. (2009). Twin gestation and neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 123(2), e220-e227. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1126.
  • Williams, J., Lee, K. J., & Anderson, P. J. (2010). Prevalence of motor‐skill impairment in preterm children who do not develop cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol, 52(3), 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03544.x.
  • Woythaler, M. A., McCormick, M. C., & Smith, V. C. (2011). Late preterm infants have worse 24-month neurodevelopmental outcomes than term infants. Pediatrics, 127(3), e622-e629. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3598.
  • World Health Organization. (1977). WHO: recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 56(3), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016347709162009
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Rehabilitasyon
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Bilge Nur Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu 0000-0002-5090-6658

Akmer Mutlu 0000-0001-6346-1750

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu, B. N., & Mutlu, A. (2024). Do moderate-to-late preterm twins and singletons differ in the early motor repertoire and later developmental functioning?. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 12(1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1311196
AMA Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu BN, Mutlu A. Do moderate-to-late preterm twins and singletons differ in the early motor repertoire and later developmental functioning?. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. Ocak 2024;12(1):27-34. doi:10.30720/ered.1311196
Chicago Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu, Bilge Nur, ve Akmer Mutlu. “Do Moderate-to-Late Preterm Twins and Singletons Differ in the Early Motor Repertoire and Later Developmental Functioning?”. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 12, sy. 1 (Ocak 2024): 27-34. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1311196.
EndNote Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu BN, Mutlu A (01 Ocak 2024) Do moderate-to-late preterm twins and singletons differ in the early motor repertoire and later developmental functioning?. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 12 1 27–34.
IEEE B. N. Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu ve A. Mutlu, “Do moderate-to-late preterm twins and singletons differ in the early motor repertoire and later developmental functioning?”, Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 1, ss. 27–34, 2024, doi: 10.30720/ered.1311196.
ISNAD Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu, Bilge Nur - Mutlu, Akmer. “Do Moderate-to-Late Preterm Twins and Singletons Differ in the Early Motor Repertoire and Later Developmental Functioning?”. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 12/1 (Ocak 2024), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1311196.
JAMA Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu BN, Mutlu A. Do moderate-to-late preterm twins and singletons differ in the early motor repertoire and later developmental functioning?. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2024;12:27–34.
MLA Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu, Bilge Nur ve Akmer Mutlu. “Do Moderate-to-Late Preterm Twins and Singletons Differ in the Early Motor Repertoire and Later Developmental Functioning?”. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 27-34, doi:10.30720/ered.1311196.
Vancouver Yardımcı Lokmanoğlu BN, Mutlu A. Do moderate-to-late preterm twins and singletons differ in the early motor repertoire and later developmental functioning?. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2024;12(1):27-34.
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