Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 47 Sayı: 1, 285 - 307, 22.04.2018
Öz
The purpose of the present research was to implement Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability studies of “Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale” (Kozee, Tylka, Augustus-Horvarth & Denchik, 2007) developed to measure the level of sexual objectification in women. The research sample consisted of 589 female university students from different faculties of Mersin University. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed, and correlations between sub-factors were examined, to provide evidence for the construct validity of the scale. Results obtained from CFA and values of correlations between sub-factors showed that the scale had adequate construct validity. With the intent of determining the reliability of the scale, Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency, item total test correlation, and test re-test coefficients were calculated. Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as .90, test re-test coefficient was calculated as .85. Item total test correlation coefficients were determined to vary between .43 and .78. These findings were discussed in the context of the relevant literature.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sexual objectification Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale Validity Reliability
Kaynakça
- Reference 1 Becker, J. C., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Yet another dark side of chivalry: Benevolent sexism undermines and hostile sexism motivates collective action for social change. Journal of personality and social psychology, 101(1), 62. Reference 2 Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238. Reference 3 Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage focus editions, 154, 136-136. Reference 4 Byrne, M. B. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Reference 5 Calogero, R. M. (2004). A test of objectification theory: The effect of the male gaze on appearance concerns in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(1), 16-21. Reference 6 Calogero, R. M. (2009). Objectification processes and disordered eating in British women and men. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(3), 394-402. Reference 7 Calogero, R. M. (2012). Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance, 2, 574-580. Reference 8 Calogero, R. M., Davis, W. N., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders. Sex Roles, 52(1), 43-5. Reference 9 Choma, B. L., Visser, B. A., Pozzebon, J. A., Bogaert, A. F., Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2010). Self-objectification, self-esteem, and gender: Testing a moderated mediation model. Sex Roles, 63(9-10), 645-656. Reference 10 Claudat, K. (2013). The Role of Body Surveillance, Body Shame, and Body Self-Consciousness during Sexual Activities in Women's Sexual Experience. Reference 11 Claudat, K., Warren, C. S., & Durette, R. T. (2012). The relationships between body surveillance, body shame, and contextual body concern during sexual activities in ethnically diverse female college students. Body Image, 9(4), 448-454. Reference 12 Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Reference 13 Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı [Self-esteem in adolescence]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Reference 14 Downs, D. M., James, S., & Cowan, G. (2006). Body objectification, self-esteem, and relationship satisfaction: A comparison of exotic dancers and college women. Sex Roles, 54(11-12), 745-752. Reference 15 Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of women quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. Reference 16 Frederick, D. A., Forbes, G. B., Grigorian, K. E., & Jarcho, J. M. (2007). The UCLA Body Project I: Gender and ethnic differences in self-objectification and body satisfaction among 2,206 undergraduates. Sex Roles, 57(5-6), 317-327. Reference 17 Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T. A., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 75(1), 269. Reference 18 Gilbert, S. C., Keery, H., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The Media's Role in Body Image and Eating Disorders. Reference 19 Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of women quarterly, 21(1), 119-135. Reference 20 Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109. Reference 21 Grabe, S., Hyde, J. S., & Lindberg, S. M. (2007). Body objectification and depression in adolescents: The role of gender, shame, and rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2), 164-175. Reference 22 Grabe, S., & Jackson, B. (2009). Self-objectification and depressive symptoms: Does their association vary among Asian American and White American men and women?. Body Image, 6(2), 141-144. Reference 23 Greenleaf, C. (2005). Self-objectification among physically active women. Sex roles, 52(1), 51-62. Reference 24 Greenleaf, C., & McGreer, R. (2006). Disordered eating attitudes and self-objectification among physically active and sedentary female college students. The Journal of Psychology, 140(3), 187-198. Reference 25 Gruenfeld, D. H., Inesi, M. E., Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Power and the objectification of social targets. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(1), 111. Reference 26 Haines, M. E., Erchull, M. J., Liss, M., Turner, D. L., Nelson, J. A., Ramsey, L. R., & Hurt, M. M. (2008). Predictors and effects of self‐objectification in lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(2), 181-187. Reference 27 Harrison, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). Women's sports media, self‐objectification, and mental health in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 216-232. Reference 28 Hayduk, L. A. (1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL: Essentials and advances. Jhu Press. Reference 29 Hirschman, C., Impett, E. A., & Schooler, D. (2006). Dis/embodied voices: What late-adolescent girls can teach us about objectification and sexuality. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 3(4), 8-20. Reference 30 Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (pp. 195-200). Reference 31 Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. Reference 32 Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D., & Wallentin, F. Y. (2006). Latent variable scores and observational residuals. Retrieved June, 7, 2009. Reference 33 Kline, R. B. (1998). Software review: Software programs for structural equation modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. Journal of psychoeducational assessment, 16(4), 343-364. Reference 34 Kline, R.B. (2005), Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. Reference 35 Krawczyk, R. (2013). Media that objectify women: The influence on individuals' body image and perceptions of others. University of South Florida. Reference 36 Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., Augustus‐Horvath, C. L., & Denchik, A. (2007). Development and psychometric evaluation of the interpersonal sexual objectification scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2), 176-189. Reference 37 Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Murnane, T., Vaes, J., Reynolds, C., & Suitner, C. (2010). Objectification leads to depersonalization: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 709-717. Reference 38 Lozano, L. M., Valor-Segura, I., Sáez, G., & Expósito, F. (2015). The Spanish adaptation of the interpersonal sexual objectification scale (ISOS). Psicothema, 27(2). Reference 39 McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale development and validation. Psychology of women quarterly, 20(2), 181-215. Reference 40 Miner-Rubino, K., Twenge, J. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2002). Trait self-objectification in women: Affective and personality correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(2), 147-172. Reference 41 Moradi, B., Dirks, D., & Matteson, A. V. (2005). Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of Objectification Theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 420. Reference 42 Morry, M. M., & Staska, S. L. (2001). Magazine exposure: Internalization, self-objectification, eating attitudes, and body satisfaction in male and female university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 33(4), 269. Reference 43 Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Saris-Baglama, R. N. (2002). Self-objectification and its psychological outcomes for college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 371-379. Reference 44 Muehlenkamp, J. J., Swanson, J. D., & Brausch, A. M. (2005). Self-objectification, risk taking, and self-harm in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(1), 24-32. Reference 45 Myers, T. A., & Crowther, J. H. (2008). Is self-objectification related to interoceptive awareness? An examination of potential mediating pathways to disordered eating attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(2), 172-180. Reference 46 Puvia, E., & Vaes, J. (2013). Being a body: Women’s appearance related self-views and their dehumanization of sexually objectified female targets. Sex Roles, 68(7-8), 484-495. Reference 47 Sanchez, D. T., & Kiefer, A. K. (2007). Body concerns in and out of the bedroom: Implications for sexual pleasure and problems. Archives of sexual behavior, 36(6), 808-820. Reference 48 Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74. Reference 49 Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2002). A test of objectification theory in adolescent girls. Sex Roles, 46(9), 343-349. Reference 50 Steer, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The role of self-objectification in women's sexual functioning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3), 205-225. Reference 51 Strelan, P., Mehaffey, S. J., & Tiggemann, M. (2003). Brief report: Self-objectification and esteem in young women: The mediating role of reasons for exercise. Sex Roles, 48(1), 89-95. Reference 52 Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Osterlind, S. J. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Reference 53 Thompson, B. (2000). Ten commandments of structural equation modeling. In US Dept of Education, Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) Project Directors' Conference, 1998, Washington, DC, US; A previous version of this chapter was presented at the aforementioned conference and at the same annual conference held in 1999.. American Psychological Association. Reference 54 Tiggemann, M., & Kuring, J. K. (2004). The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 299-311. Reference 55 Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2001). A test of objectification theory in former dancers and non‐dancers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25(1), 57-64. Reference 56 Tylka, T. L., & Hill, M. S. (2004). Objectification theory as it relates to disordered eating among college women. Sex roles, 51(11), 719-730. Reference 57 Tylka, T. L., & Sabik, N. J. (2010). Integrating social comparison theory and self-esteem within objectification theory to predict women’s disordered eating. Sex roles, 63(1-2), 18-31. Reference 58 Watson, L. B., Robinson, D., Dispenza, F., & Nazari, N. (2012). African American women’s sexual objectification experiences: A qualitative study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(4), 458-475. Reference 59 Vaes, J., Paladino, P., & Puvia, E. (2011). Are sexualized women complete human beings? Why men and women dehumanize sexually objectified women. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(6), 774-785.
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 47 Sayı: 1, 285 - 307, 22.04.2018
Öz
Kaynakça
- Reference 1 Becker, J. C., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Yet another dark side of chivalry: Benevolent sexism undermines and hostile sexism motivates collective action for social change. Journal of personality and social psychology, 101(1), 62. Reference 2 Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238. Reference 3 Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage focus editions, 154, 136-136. Reference 4 Byrne, M. B. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Reference 5 Calogero, R. M. (2004). A test of objectification theory: The effect of the male gaze on appearance concerns in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(1), 16-21. Reference 6 Calogero, R. M. (2009). Objectification processes and disordered eating in British women and men. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(3), 394-402. Reference 7 Calogero, R. M. (2012). Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance, 2, 574-580. Reference 8 Calogero, R. M., Davis, W. N., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders. Sex Roles, 52(1), 43-5. Reference 9 Choma, B. L., Visser, B. A., Pozzebon, J. A., Bogaert, A. F., Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2010). Self-objectification, self-esteem, and gender: Testing a moderated mediation model. Sex Roles, 63(9-10), 645-656. Reference 10 Claudat, K. (2013). The Role of Body Surveillance, Body Shame, and Body Self-Consciousness during Sexual Activities in Women's Sexual Experience. Reference 11 Claudat, K., Warren, C. S., & Durette, R. T. (2012). The relationships between body surveillance, body shame, and contextual body concern during sexual activities in ethnically diverse female college students. Body Image, 9(4), 448-454. Reference 12 Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Reference 13 Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı [Self-esteem in adolescence]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Reference 14 Downs, D. M., James, S., & Cowan, G. (2006). Body objectification, self-esteem, and relationship satisfaction: A comparison of exotic dancers and college women. Sex Roles, 54(11-12), 745-752. Reference 15 Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of women quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. Reference 16 Frederick, D. A., Forbes, G. B., Grigorian, K. E., & Jarcho, J. M. (2007). The UCLA Body Project I: Gender and ethnic differences in self-objectification and body satisfaction among 2,206 undergraduates. Sex Roles, 57(5-6), 317-327. Reference 17 Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T. A., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 75(1), 269. Reference 18 Gilbert, S. C., Keery, H., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The Media's Role in Body Image and Eating Disorders. Reference 19 Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of women quarterly, 21(1), 119-135. Reference 20 Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109. Reference 21 Grabe, S., Hyde, J. S., & Lindberg, S. M. (2007). Body objectification and depression in adolescents: The role of gender, shame, and rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2), 164-175. Reference 22 Grabe, S., & Jackson, B. (2009). Self-objectification and depressive symptoms: Does their association vary among Asian American and White American men and women?. Body Image, 6(2), 141-144. Reference 23 Greenleaf, C. (2005). Self-objectification among physically active women. Sex roles, 52(1), 51-62. Reference 24 Greenleaf, C., & McGreer, R. (2006). Disordered eating attitudes and self-objectification among physically active and sedentary female college students. The Journal of Psychology, 140(3), 187-198. Reference 25 Gruenfeld, D. H., Inesi, M. E., Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Power and the objectification of social targets. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(1), 111. Reference 26 Haines, M. E., Erchull, M. J., Liss, M., Turner, D. L., Nelson, J. A., Ramsey, L. R., & Hurt, M. M. (2008). Predictors and effects of self‐objectification in lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(2), 181-187. Reference 27 Harrison, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). Women's sports media, self‐objectification, and mental health in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 216-232. Reference 28 Hayduk, L. A. (1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL: Essentials and advances. Jhu Press. Reference 29 Hirschman, C., Impett, E. A., & Schooler, D. (2006). Dis/embodied voices: What late-adolescent girls can teach us about objectification and sexuality. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 3(4), 8-20. Reference 30 Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (pp. 195-200). Reference 31 Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. Reference 32 Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D., & Wallentin, F. Y. (2006). Latent variable scores and observational residuals. Retrieved June, 7, 2009. Reference 33 Kline, R. B. (1998). Software review: Software programs for structural equation modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. Journal of psychoeducational assessment, 16(4), 343-364. Reference 34 Kline, R.B. (2005), Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. Reference 35 Krawczyk, R. (2013). Media that objectify women: The influence on individuals' body image and perceptions of others. University of South Florida. Reference 36 Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., Augustus‐Horvath, C. L., & Denchik, A. (2007). Development and psychometric evaluation of the interpersonal sexual objectification scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2), 176-189. Reference 37 Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Murnane, T., Vaes, J., Reynolds, C., & Suitner, C. (2010). Objectification leads to depersonalization: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 709-717. Reference 38 Lozano, L. M., Valor-Segura, I., Sáez, G., & Expósito, F. (2015). The Spanish adaptation of the interpersonal sexual objectification scale (ISOS). Psicothema, 27(2). Reference 39 McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale development and validation. Psychology of women quarterly, 20(2), 181-215. Reference 40 Miner-Rubino, K., Twenge, J. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2002). Trait self-objectification in women: Affective and personality correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(2), 147-172. Reference 41 Moradi, B., Dirks, D., & Matteson, A. V. (2005). Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of Objectification Theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 420. Reference 42 Morry, M. M., & Staska, S. L. (2001). Magazine exposure: Internalization, self-objectification, eating attitudes, and body satisfaction in male and female university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 33(4), 269. Reference 43 Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Saris-Baglama, R. N. (2002). Self-objectification and its psychological outcomes for college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 371-379. Reference 44 Muehlenkamp, J. J., Swanson, J. D., & Brausch, A. M. (2005). Self-objectification, risk taking, and self-harm in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(1), 24-32. Reference 45 Myers, T. A., & Crowther, J. H. (2008). Is self-objectification related to interoceptive awareness? An examination of potential mediating pathways to disordered eating attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(2), 172-180. Reference 46 Puvia, E., & Vaes, J. (2013). Being a body: Women’s appearance related self-views and their dehumanization of sexually objectified female targets. Sex Roles, 68(7-8), 484-495. Reference 47 Sanchez, D. T., & Kiefer, A. K. (2007). Body concerns in and out of the bedroom: Implications for sexual pleasure and problems. Archives of sexual behavior, 36(6), 808-820. Reference 48 Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74. Reference 49 Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2002). A test of objectification theory in adolescent girls. Sex Roles, 46(9), 343-349. Reference 50 Steer, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The role of self-objectification in women's sexual functioning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3), 205-225. Reference 51 Strelan, P., Mehaffey, S. J., & Tiggemann, M. (2003). Brief report: Self-objectification and esteem in young women: The mediating role of reasons for exercise. Sex Roles, 48(1), 89-95. Reference 52 Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Osterlind, S. J. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Reference 53 Thompson, B. (2000). Ten commandments of structural equation modeling. In US Dept of Education, Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) Project Directors' Conference, 1998, Washington, DC, US; A previous version of this chapter was presented at the aforementioned conference and at the same annual conference held in 1999.. American Psychological Association. Reference 54 Tiggemann, M., & Kuring, J. K. (2004). The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 299-311. Reference 55 Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2001). A test of objectification theory in former dancers and non‐dancers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25(1), 57-64. Reference 56 Tylka, T. L., & Hill, M. S. (2004). Objectification theory as it relates to disordered eating among college women. Sex roles, 51(11), 719-730. Reference 57 Tylka, T. L., & Sabik, N. J. (2010). Integrating social comparison theory and self-esteem within objectification theory to predict women’s disordered eating. Sex roles, 63(1-2), 18-31. Reference 58 Watson, L. B., Robinson, D., Dispenza, F., & Nazari, N. (2012). African American women’s sexual objectification experiences: A qualitative study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(4), 458-475. Reference 59 Vaes, J., Paladino, P., & Puvia, E. (2011). Are sexualized women complete human beings? Why men and women dehumanize sexually objectified women. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(6), 774-785.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 22 Nisan 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 22 Aralık 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 47 Sayı: 1 |
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