Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 361 - 384, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1375743

Abstract

References

  • Açıkgöz, F.N. (2019). Analysis of perceptions of 5 th grade students about destructıve nature events through word assocıatıon test (WAT) [Unpublished master's thesis]. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Akdoğan, V. (2022). Examining the cognitive structures of secondary school students towards non-governmental organizations through word association test. [Unpublished master's thesis], Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Akengin, H. (2019). Political geography: Human and space management, 6th Edition. Pegem Akademi.
  • Aksoy, B., & Karaçalı, H. (2014). The perception of social studies preservice teachers on the middle east: the case of Sinop University. International Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, (2), 14-27.
  • Aladağ, S., & Yılmaz, E. (2014). The effect of conceptual change texts on eliminating students' misconceptions in social studies courses. Trakya University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(2), 163-176.
  • Aykaç, M., & Adıgüzel, Ö. (2011). The effect of using creative drama as a method in social studies class on students’ achievement. Kastamonu Education Journal, 19(1), 197-314.
  • Balcı, M. (2019). Determination of social sciences teacher candidates’ perceptions about first turkic countries by using wordassociation test [Unpublished master's thesis]. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2017). Scientific research methods (23rd ed.). Pegem.
  • Çelik, B., & Çakmak, M. (2023). Examination of 8th grade student’s cognitive structures recarding natural disasters through the word association test. Journal of Social Sciences, 10, 773-796. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1331333.
  • Çelikkaya, T., & Kürümlüoğlu, M. (2019). Examination of cognitive structures and conceptual development process of students in “adventure of democracy” unit of social studies lesson. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International (AJESI), 9 (1), 56-86.
  • Çetin, M., & Uslu, S. (2022). Cognitive structures of social studies teacher candidates regarding financial literacy (economic literacy): WAT study. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 9(87), 1740–1751. https://doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.3269
  • Çetin, T., & Yel, Ü. (2022). Investigation of mental structures of secondary school students towards the concept of climate change by using the word association test. International Journal of New Approaches in Social Studies, 6(2), 244-255. DOI: 10.38015/sbyy.1194938.
  • Çoban, A., & Şahin, E. (2018). Social studies teacher candidates' awareness about middle east geography. Adnan Menderes University, Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 5(3). (pp. 137-151). DOI: 10.30803/adusobed.456168.
  • Demirer, T., & Şaşmaz Ören, F. (2020). 7th and 8th grade students' perceptions of environmental citizenship and ecological footprint concepts: The example of word association. YYU Journal of Education Faculty, 17(1), 603-642. DOI: 10.33711/yyuefd.710003.
  • Demirkaya, H., Köç, A., & Ünal, O. (2020). Investigation of prospective social studies teachers’ cognitive structure in ottoman and conquest concepts through word association tests. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 39(2), 45-63.
  • Deveci, H., Köse, T. Ç., & Bayır, Ö. G. (2014). Investigation of pre-service teachers’ cognitive sturctures on the concepts of social sciences and social studies through word association tests. Adıyaman University Social Sciences Institute Journal, (16), 101-124. DOI: 10.14520/adyusbd.732.
  • Doğru, M. S., & Özsevgeç, L. C. (2023). Comparison of effects of computer-based instructional support on academic achievement of university students regarding meiosis. The American Biology Teacher, 85(5), 259-264.
  • Doğru, S. (2021). Conceptual difficulties encountered by science teacher candidates in static electricity. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (31), 957-967.
  • Durmuş, E., & Sert, A. E. (2022). Examination of social study teacher’s cognitive structures regarding global problems with the word association test. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(3), 1177-1193. DOI: 10.33437/ksusbd.1096539.
  • Er Tuna, Y. (2018). Determination of history and social studies teacher candidates’ cognitive structures on Ataturk principles via word association test. Turkish History Education Journal, 7(1), 43-68. DOI: 10.17497/tuhed.342546.
  • Ercan, F., Taşdere, A., & Ercan, N. (2010). Observing cognitive structure and conceptual change through word association test. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 7(2), 136-154.
  • Ersoy, F., & Ayaydın, Y. (2023). Examination of geographical elements in social studies textbooks in local and global context. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, (49), 115-132.
  • Gençoğlu, S.E. (2019). Investigation the 6th grade student’s perceptions about natural disaster trough the word association tests. [Unpublished master's thesis], Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Göney, S. (1979). Political geography volume II. Istanbul University Publishing.
  • Gülüm, K. (2014). Social scıences teachıng students’ comments and suggestıons on Turkey’s European unıon membershıp process. Turan-SAM, 6(23), 69-76.
  • Günel, K. (1997). The political power of geography. Çantay Publishing.
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. (Fifth Edition). Sage Publications.
  • Karabağ, S. (2001). Content of geography subjects in social studies programs. Subject area textbook review guide (Social studies, citizenship and human rights education, Turkish Republic History of Revolution and Kemalism). Nobel Publishing,
  • Karaca, A., & Yalçınkaya, E. (2019). Investigation of the perceptions of 7th grade students about various occupational groups through word association test. Atatürk University Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education Journal, (39), 1-21. DOI: 10.33418/ataunikkefd.635654.
  • Karakaya, G., & Öner, S. (2021). Examination of Turkish and social studies teacher candidates' perceptions of the Turkish world. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 10 (SI), 53-70.
  • Karakuş, U. (2019). The investigation of social studies candidate’s perceptions on conceptions about natural disaster though the word associations tests. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(3), 735-751.
  • Karasar, N. (2018). Scientific research method with scientific will perception framework: Concepts, principles, techniques. (Second article, 33rd Edition). Nobel Publishing.
  • Kaymakcı, S. (2009). What has the new social studies curriculum brought? Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education Journal, 29(5), 1530-1545.
  • Kaymakcı, S. (2012). A content evaluation of social studies teacher education programs. International Social Sciences Education Journal, 2(1), 45-61.
  • Kaymakcı, S., & Ata, B. (2012). Social studies teachers' perceptions about the nature of social studies. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 3(1), 35-64.
  • Ministry of National Education (MEB) (2005). Social studies course curriculum and guide. MEB Publishing.
  • Özey, R. (2013). Political geography on a world and Turkish scale. Aktif Publishing.
  • Özkaral, T.C., & Bozyiğit, R. (2021). Investigation of secondary school 8th grade students’ perceptions of land forms through the word association test. Eurasian Journal of Researches in Social and Economics, 8(2), 51-63.
  • Öztürk, C. (2009). Life sciences and social studies education. Pegem Publishing.
  • Öztürk, C. (2012). Social studies: An interdisciplinary look at social life, Öztürk, C. (Ed.). In: Social studies teaching, Pegem A Publishing.
  • Özyurt, Ö.G., & Ercan Yalman, F. (2020). Identifying cognitive structure related to renewable energy using word association test: The Mersin province case, Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 21(3), 1320-1338. DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.780413.
  • Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (M. Tüm & S. B. Demir Trans. Ed.) Pegem Publishing.
  • Safran, M. (2011). A Look at Social Studies Teaching. In B. Tay, & A. Öcal (Eds), Teaching social studies with special teaching methods (pp. 1-18). Pegem A Publishing.
  • Safran, M. (2014). A Look at Social Studies Teaching. In B. Tay, & A. Öcal (Eds), Teaching social studies with special teaching methods (4th Edition). Pegem A Publishing.
  • Sato, M., & James, P. (1999). “Nature” and “Environment” as perceived by university students and their supervisors. International Journal of Environmental Education and Information, 18(2), 165-172.
  • Şimşek, M. (2013). Definition of cognitive structure for the geographical information systems (GIS) and alternative issues of candidates of social studies teachers via a word association test. Researcher, 1(1). pp. 65-75.
  • Şimşek, N. (2015). Measurement and evaluation in social studies. M. Safran (Ed.). In. Social studies teaching. Pegem A Publishing.
  • Şişman, M. (2014). Teaching leadership. Pegem A Publishing.
  • Sözer, E. (1998). Teaching social sciences from theory to practice. Anadolu University Publishing.
  • Tokcan, H., & Yiter, E. (2017). Examining the 5th grade student’s perceptions about natural disaster through the word association tests. Ahi Evran University Kırşehir Faculty of Education Journal, 18(1), 114-130.
  • Tunçel, H. (2002). Islamic countries ımages of Turkish geography students. Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 12(2), 83-103.
  • Turgut, T., & Kaymakcı, S. (2019). Investigation of social studies teacher candidates’ cognitive structures about Turkish world. Journal of Turkish World Studies, 19(1), 37-86. DOI: 10.32449/egetdid.553717.
  • Uğurlu, N. B., & Akdovan, M. (2019). Refugee students from the perspective of social studies teachers. Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Education Journal, 19(3), 782-801.
  • Uğurlu, N. B., & Doğan, A. (2016). Social studies teacher candidates’ and academicians’ opinions about teaching of controversial issues. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(3), 219-237, DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.17327087.
  • Ünal, F., & Er, H. (2017). A study On teacher candidates’ cognitive characteristic with regard to difficult –to- teach abstract concepts in social studies courses. Bartın University Journal of Educational Research, 1(1), 6-24.
  • Yazıcı, H., & Koca, M. K. (2011). General geography. Pegem Publishing.
  • Yılar, M. B., & Ünal, O. (2022). Examining the cognitive structures of primary school and social studies teachers for the concept of “teacher” by using the word association test. e-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 836-861. DOI: 10.30900/kafkasegt.1079485.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2019). Examining the 5th grade student’s perceptions about regions of turkey through the word association tests. [Unpublished master's thesis], Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Yılmaz, K., & Yiğit, Ö. (2010). Pre-service social studies teachers’ perceptions of Europe, the Middle East, and the neighboring countries of Turkey. H.U. Journal of Education, 38, 318-334.
  • YÖK, (2018). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmenliği Lisans Programı. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/Kurumsal/egitim_ogretim_dairesi/Yeni-Ogretmen-Yetistirme-Lisans-Programlari/Sosyal_Bilgileri_Ogretmenligi_Lisans_Programi09042019.pdf

Determining the Perceptions of Social Studies Teacher Candidates on the Subject of Political Geography by Word Association Test (WAT)

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 361 - 384, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1375743

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the cognitive structures of social studies teacher candidates regarding political geography with the word association test. The scanning method was used in the research. 4th-grade social studies teacher candidates at a state university in Turkey in the 2022-2023 academic year participated in the research. We conducted the research with 26 teacher candidates, selected using the criterion sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods. The Word Association Test (WAT) form obtained the research data. “Political geography, geographical necessity, dominance theory, continental shelf, problematic region, a form of government, international power struggles, conflict zones, geopolitics, and Turkey's neighbors” were keywords in the WAT form. Prospective teachers formed concepts regarding each keyword, and we created a frequency table for these concepts. Then, we prepared concept network maps based on this frequency table. We used the breakpoint technique in the preparation of the concept network maps. As a result of the research, social studies teacher candidates formed 561, a concept about political geography. When the sentences made by social studies teacher candidates about political geography concepts were examined, it was determined that the number of sentences containing scientific information was 161, and the number of sentences containing non-scientific or superficial information was 86. As a result of the research, the word association test is an important tool in determining prospective teachers' perceptions of certain concepts. It is recommended that social studies teacher candidates be given training to improve their cognitive levels on the subject.

References

  • Açıkgöz, F.N. (2019). Analysis of perceptions of 5 th grade students about destructıve nature events through word assocıatıon test (WAT) [Unpublished master's thesis]. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Akdoğan, V. (2022). Examining the cognitive structures of secondary school students towards non-governmental organizations through word association test. [Unpublished master's thesis], Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Akengin, H. (2019). Political geography: Human and space management, 6th Edition. Pegem Akademi.
  • Aksoy, B., & Karaçalı, H. (2014). The perception of social studies preservice teachers on the middle east: the case of Sinop University. International Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, (2), 14-27.
  • Aladağ, S., & Yılmaz, E. (2014). The effect of conceptual change texts on eliminating students' misconceptions in social studies courses. Trakya University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(2), 163-176.
  • Aykaç, M., & Adıgüzel, Ö. (2011). The effect of using creative drama as a method in social studies class on students’ achievement. Kastamonu Education Journal, 19(1), 197-314.
  • Balcı, M. (2019). Determination of social sciences teacher candidates’ perceptions about first turkic countries by using wordassociation test [Unpublished master's thesis]. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2017). Scientific research methods (23rd ed.). Pegem.
  • Çelik, B., & Çakmak, M. (2023). Examination of 8th grade student’s cognitive structures recarding natural disasters through the word association test. Journal of Social Sciences, 10, 773-796. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1331333.
  • Çelikkaya, T., & Kürümlüoğlu, M. (2019). Examination of cognitive structures and conceptual development process of students in “adventure of democracy” unit of social studies lesson. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International (AJESI), 9 (1), 56-86.
  • Çetin, M., & Uslu, S. (2022). Cognitive structures of social studies teacher candidates regarding financial literacy (economic literacy): WAT study. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 9(87), 1740–1751. https://doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.3269
  • Çetin, T., & Yel, Ü. (2022). Investigation of mental structures of secondary school students towards the concept of climate change by using the word association test. International Journal of New Approaches in Social Studies, 6(2), 244-255. DOI: 10.38015/sbyy.1194938.
  • Çoban, A., & Şahin, E. (2018). Social studies teacher candidates' awareness about middle east geography. Adnan Menderes University, Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 5(3). (pp. 137-151). DOI: 10.30803/adusobed.456168.
  • Demirer, T., & Şaşmaz Ören, F. (2020). 7th and 8th grade students' perceptions of environmental citizenship and ecological footprint concepts: The example of word association. YYU Journal of Education Faculty, 17(1), 603-642. DOI: 10.33711/yyuefd.710003.
  • Demirkaya, H., Köç, A., & Ünal, O. (2020). Investigation of prospective social studies teachers’ cognitive structure in ottoman and conquest concepts through word association tests. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 39(2), 45-63.
  • Deveci, H., Köse, T. Ç., & Bayır, Ö. G. (2014). Investigation of pre-service teachers’ cognitive sturctures on the concepts of social sciences and social studies through word association tests. Adıyaman University Social Sciences Institute Journal, (16), 101-124. DOI: 10.14520/adyusbd.732.
  • Doğru, M. S., & Özsevgeç, L. C. (2023). Comparison of effects of computer-based instructional support on academic achievement of university students regarding meiosis. The American Biology Teacher, 85(5), 259-264.
  • Doğru, S. (2021). Conceptual difficulties encountered by science teacher candidates in static electricity. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (31), 957-967.
  • Durmuş, E., & Sert, A. E. (2022). Examination of social study teacher’s cognitive structures regarding global problems with the word association test. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(3), 1177-1193. DOI: 10.33437/ksusbd.1096539.
  • Er Tuna, Y. (2018). Determination of history and social studies teacher candidates’ cognitive structures on Ataturk principles via word association test. Turkish History Education Journal, 7(1), 43-68. DOI: 10.17497/tuhed.342546.
  • Ercan, F., Taşdere, A., & Ercan, N. (2010). Observing cognitive structure and conceptual change through word association test. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 7(2), 136-154.
  • Ersoy, F., & Ayaydın, Y. (2023). Examination of geographical elements in social studies textbooks in local and global context. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, (49), 115-132.
  • Gençoğlu, S.E. (2019). Investigation the 6th grade student’s perceptions about natural disaster trough the word association tests. [Unpublished master's thesis], Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Göney, S. (1979). Political geography volume II. Istanbul University Publishing.
  • Gülüm, K. (2014). Social scıences teachıng students’ comments and suggestıons on Turkey’s European unıon membershıp process. Turan-SAM, 6(23), 69-76.
  • Günel, K. (1997). The political power of geography. Çantay Publishing.
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. (Fifth Edition). Sage Publications.
  • Karabağ, S. (2001). Content of geography subjects in social studies programs. Subject area textbook review guide (Social studies, citizenship and human rights education, Turkish Republic History of Revolution and Kemalism). Nobel Publishing,
  • Karaca, A., & Yalçınkaya, E. (2019). Investigation of the perceptions of 7th grade students about various occupational groups through word association test. Atatürk University Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education Journal, (39), 1-21. DOI: 10.33418/ataunikkefd.635654.
  • Karakaya, G., & Öner, S. (2021). Examination of Turkish and social studies teacher candidates' perceptions of the Turkish world. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 10 (SI), 53-70.
  • Karakuş, U. (2019). The investigation of social studies candidate’s perceptions on conceptions about natural disaster though the word associations tests. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 8(3), 735-751.
  • Karasar, N. (2018). Scientific research method with scientific will perception framework: Concepts, principles, techniques. (Second article, 33rd Edition). Nobel Publishing.
  • Kaymakcı, S. (2009). What has the new social studies curriculum brought? Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education Journal, 29(5), 1530-1545.
  • Kaymakcı, S. (2012). A content evaluation of social studies teacher education programs. International Social Sciences Education Journal, 2(1), 45-61.
  • Kaymakcı, S., & Ata, B. (2012). Social studies teachers' perceptions about the nature of social studies. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 3(1), 35-64.
  • Ministry of National Education (MEB) (2005). Social studies course curriculum and guide. MEB Publishing.
  • Özey, R. (2013). Political geography on a world and Turkish scale. Aktif Publishing.
  • Özkaral, T.C., & Bozyiğit, R. (2021). Investigation of secondary school 8th grade students’ perceptions of land forms through the word association test. Eurasian Journal of Researches in Social and Economics, 8(2), 51-63.
  • Öztürk, C. (2009). Life sciences and social studies education. Pegem Publishing.
  • Öztürk, C. (2012). Social studies: An interdisciplinary look at social life, Öztürk, C. (Ed.). In: Social studies teaching, Pegem A Publishing.
  • Özyurt, Ö.G., & Ercan Yalman, F. (2020). Identifying cognitive structure related to renewable energy using word association test: The Mersin province case, Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 21(3), 1320-1338. DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.780413.
  • Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (M. Tüm & S. B. Demir Trans. Ed.) Pegem Publishing.
  • Safran, M. (2011). A Look at Social Studies Teaching. In B. Tay, & A. Öcal (Eds), Teaching social studies with special teaching methods (pp. 1-18). Pegem A Publishing.
  • Safran, M. (2014). A Look at Social Studies Teaching. In B. Tay, & A. Öcal (Eds), Teaching social studies with special teaching methods (4th Edition). Pegem A Publishing.
  • Sato, M., & James, P. (1999). “Nature” and “Environment” as perceived by university students and their supervisors. International Journal of Environmental Education and Information, 18(2), 165-172.
  • Şimşek, M. (2013). Definition of cognitive structure for the geographical information systems (GIS) and alternative issues of candidates of social studies teachers via a word association test. Researcher, 1(1). pp. 65-75.
  • Şimşek, N. (2015). Measurement and evaluation in social studies. M. Safran (Ed.). In. Social studies teaching. Pegem A Publishing.
  • Şişman, M. (2014). Teaching leadership. Pegem A Publishing.
  • Sözer, E. (1998). Teaching social sciences from theory to practice. Anadolu University Publishing.
  • Tokcan, H., & Yiter, E. (2017). Examining the 5th grade student’s perceptions about natural disaster through the word association tests. Ahi Evran University Kırşehir Faculty of Education Journal, 18(1), 114-130.
  • Tunçel, H. (2002). Islamic countries ımages of Turkish geography students. Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 12(2), 83-103.
  • Turgut, T., & Kaymakcı, S. (2019). Investigation of social studies teacher candidates’ cognitive structures about Turkish world. Journal of Turkish World Studies, 19(1), 37-86. DOI: 10.32449/egetdid.553717.
  • Uğurlu, N. B., & Akdovan, M. (2019). Refugee students from the perspective of social studies teachers. Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Education Journal, 19(3), 782-801.
  • Uğurlu, N. B., & Doğan, A. (2016). Social studies teacher candidates’ and academicians’ opinions about teaching of controversial issues. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(3), 219-237, DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.17327087.
  • Ünal, F., & Er, H. (2017). A study On teacher candidates’ cognitive characteristic with regard to difficult –to- teach abstract concepts in social studies courses. Bartın University Journal of Educational Research, 1(1), 6-24.
  • Yazıcı, H., & Koca, M. K. (2011). General geography. Pegem Publishing.
  • Yılar, M. B., & Ünal, O. (2022). Examining the cognitive structures of primary school and social studies teachers for the concept of “teacher” by using the word association test. e-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 836-861. DOI: 10.30900/kafkasegt.1079485.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2019). Examining the 5th grade student’s perceptions about regions of turkey through the word association tests. [Unpublished master's thesis], Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde.
  • Yılmaz, K., & Yiğit, Ö. (2010). Pre-service social studies teachers’ perceptions of Europe, the Middle East, and the neighboring countries of Turkey. H.U. Journal of Education, 38, 318-334.
  • YÖK, (2018). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmenliği Lisans Programı. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/Kurumsal/egitim_ogretim_dairesi/Yeni-Ogretmen-Yetistirme-Lisans-Programlari/Sosyal_Bilgileri_Ogretmenligi_Lisans_Programi09042019.pdf
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Social Studies Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İbrahim Demirbaş 0000-0002-8692-1059

Publication Date October 25, 2023
Submission Date October 13, 2023
Acceptance Date October 23, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Demirbaş, İ. (2023). Determining the Perceptions of Social Studies Teacher Candidates on the Subject of Political Geography by Word Association Test (WAT). Journal of Social Sciences And Education, 6(2), 361-384. https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1375743

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