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Examining Paternalistic Leadership Behaviours of Primary School Principals Based on the Teachers Perceptions in Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 1 - 22, 28.12.2019

Abstract

The aim of the research is to determine the
teachers’ perceptions working in public primary schools toward their
headmasters’ paternalistic leadership behaviours. The sample of the research
consists of 1059 teachers in primary schools selected by methods of stratified
sampling and simple random sampling in Mardin city center and 8 districts of
Mardin during 2016-2017 academic year. The data of the research were obtained
by using the
Headmasters’
Paternalistic Leadership Behaviours Scale
. The following findings were acquired after the
analysis of the data: The overall average of teachers’ perceptions toward their
headmasters’ paternalistic leadership behaviours was found at “strongly agree”
level.
Significant difference was observed between the
teachers’ perceptions toward their principals regarding the sub-dimension of
benevolent leadership with respect to two variables, namely education level and
marital status and the sub-dimension of exploitative leadership with respect to
gender. Based on the findings, suggestions were developed both for the
practitioners and researchers.

References

  • Akdeniz, M.Z. (2016). Paternalistik liderlik ve örgütsel adaletin çalışanların mutluluklarına olan etkisi: Sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama. Unpublished master’s thesis, Bahçeşehir University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Aksoy, B. (2008). The relationship between paternalistic leadership, empowerment and turnover intention: An empirical study. Unpublished master’s thesis, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Arslan, Ö. (2016). Okul yöneticilerinin paternalist liderlik düzeyleri ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm algıları arasındaki ilişki. Unpublished master’s thesis, Uşak University Institute of Social Sciences, Uşak.Asyalı, E. & Cerit, A.G. (2014). Paternalistic leadership: A preliminary study on maritime students. Maritime Education Summit.Aycan, Z. (2001). Human resource management in Turkey: Current issues and future challenges. International Journal of Manpower, 22(3), 252-260.Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In Yang, K.S., Hwang, K.K., ve Kim, U. (Eds.). Scientific Advances In Indigenous Psychologies: Empirical, Philosophical, And Cultural Contributions (pp. 445-466), London: Cambridge University Press.Aycan, Z. & Fikret-Paşa, S. (2003). Career choices, job selection criteria, and leadership preferences in a transitional nation: The case of Turkey. Journal of Career Development, 30(2), 29-144.Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N., Mendonca, M. Yu, K., Deller, J. Stahl, G., et al. (2000). Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A ten country comparison. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(1), 192-220.Aydıntan, B. (2016). Relationship between emotional intelligence and paternalistic leadership: A field study on the Turkish university students. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(12), 98-102.Cerit, Y. (2012). Paternalistik liderlik ile yöneticiden ve işin doğasından doyum arasındaki ilişki. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Education Faculty, 31(2), 35-56.Cerit, Y. (2013). Paternalist liderlik ile öğretmenlere yönelik yıldırma davranışları arasındaki ilişki. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice,13(2), 839-851.Cesur, D.K. (2015). Paternalist liderlik ve örgüt kültürü ilişkisi: Sakarya Üniversitesi örneği. Unpublished master’s thesis, Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences, Sakarya.Cheng, B.S. (1995a). The relationship between parent’s authority and leadership behaviors: A case study of president of a Taiwanese enterprise. Report on Special Topics, National Science Committee.Cheng, B.S. (1995b). Choxuegeju and Chinese Organizational behaviour. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Socities, 3, 142-219.Cheng, B.S. (1995c). Paternalistic authority and leadership: A case study of a Taiwanese CEO. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology Academic Sinica, 79, 119-173.Cheng, B.S., Chou, L.F., Wu, T.Y., Huang, M.P. & Farh, J.L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 89-117.
  • Çalışkan, S. C. (2008). Yöneticilerin bireysel yetkinliklerinin liderlik tarzları ve lider üye etkileşimine verdikleri önem üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkileşimde kültürel varsayımların rolü. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Dağlı, A. ve Ağalday, B. (2017). Developing a headmasters’ paternalistic leadership behaviours scale in Turkey. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(30), 190-200.Dağlı, A. ve Ağalday, B. (2018). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarının incelenmesi. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 17(66), 518-534.Erben, G. S. & Güneşer, A.B. (2008). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: Investigating the role of climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 82, 955-968.Erkuş, A., Tabak, A. ve Yaman, T. (2010). Paternalist (babacan) liderlik çalışanların örgütsel özdeşleşmelerini ve işten ayrılma niyetlerini etkiler mi? Bir özel hastane uygulaması. 9. National Business Congress , Karaelmas University, Zonguldak.Farh, J. L. & Cheng, B. S. (2000). A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. In J. T. Li, A. S. Tsui, & E. Weldon (Eds.), Management and organizations in the Chinese context (pp. 94-127). London: Macmillan.Farh, J.L., Cheng, B.S., Chou, L.F. & Chu, X.P. (2006). Authority and benevolence: Employees’ responses to paternalistic leadership in China. In A.S. Tsui, Y.Bian ve L. Cheng (eds.). China’s domestic private firms: Multidisciplinary perspectives on management and performance: 230-260. New York: Sharpe.Gelfand, M.J., Erez, M. & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 479-514.Green, S.B. & Salkind, N.J. (2005). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data (4th edition). New Jersey:Pearson.Hayek, M., Novicevic, M. M., Humphreys, J. & Jones, N. (2010). Ending the denial of slavery in management history: Paternalistic leadership of joseph emory davis. Journal Of Management History, 16(3), 367-379.Higgs, M. (2002). How can we make sense of leadership in the 21st century. The Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24(5), 273-284.Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara:Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Kaygısızel, E. (2015). The relationship between paternalistic leadership leader-member exchange (lmx) and job stress. Unpublished master’s thesis, Yeditepe University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Kim, U.M. (1994). Significance of Paternalism and Communalism. In the occupational welfare system of Korean firms: A National Survey. In U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. Liang,S., Ling, H. & Hsieh, S. (2007). The mediating effects of leader-member exchange quality to influence the relationships between paternalistic leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of American Academy of Business. 2(10), 127-137.Macit, G. (2010). İletişim tarzları üzerinde kültürel değerlerin etkisi: Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Unpublished master’s thesis, Süleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences, Isparta. Mamatoğlu, N. (2010). Lider davranışları algıları ve örgütsel kimliklenme boyutları arasında çalışanın kişilik özelliklerinin düzenleyici rolü. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 25 (65), 82-97.Mete, Y.A. & Serin, H. (2015). Okul yöneticilerinin babacan liderlik davranışı ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel vatandaşlık ve örgütsel sinizm davranışları arasındaki ilişki. HAYEF Journal of Education, 12(24), 147-159.
  • Pellegrini E. K. & Scandura T. A. (2006). Leader-member Exchange (LMX), paternalism and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(2), 264-279.Pellegrini, E.K. & Scandura, T.A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34, 566-593.Pellegrini, E.K., Scandura, T A. & Jayaraman, V. (2010). Cross-Cultural generalizability of paternalistic leadership: An expansion of leader-member exchange theory (LMX). Group and Organization Management, 35, 391-420.Redding, S. G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism. New York: NY: Walter de Gruyter & Co. Redding, S. G., Norman, A. & Schlander, A. (1994). The nature of individual attachment to theory: A review of East Asian variations. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Triandis, H. C., M. D. Dunnett and L. M. Hough. CA, USA, Consulting Psychology Press: 674- 688.Saher, N., Naz, S., Tasleem, I., Naz, R. & Kausar, S. (2013). Does paternalistic leadership lead to commitment? Trust in leader as moderator in Pakistani context. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(1), 443-455.Silin, R. H. (1976). Leadership and Value: The Organization of Large-scale Taiwan Enterprises. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.Sinha, J. P. (1990). A model of effective leadership stylesin India, in A. M. Jaeger and R. N. Kanungo (eds.), Management in developing countries (Routledge, New York, NY), 252-263.Tezbaşaran, A. (1997). Likert tipi ölçek hazırlama kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği.Tuncer, G. (2005). The self in family context and traditional family values on behaviours toward paternalistic leadership style. Unpublished master’s thesis, Koç University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Türesin, H. (2012). Örgüt çalışanlarının paternalistik liderlik algıları, öğrenilmiş güçlülük düzeyleri, iş tatmin düzeyleri ve işten ayrılma niyetleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Unpublished master’s thesis, Celal Bayar University Institute of Social Sciences, Manisa.Wasti, S. A., Tan, H. H., Brower, H. H. & Önder, Ç. (2007). Cross-Cultural measurement of supervisor trustworthiness: An assessment of measurement in variance across three cultures. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 477-489.Westwood, R. I. (1997). Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for paternalistic headship among the overseas Chinese. Organization Studies, 18, 445-480.Westwood, R. I. & Chan, A. (1992). Headship and leadership. In R. I. Westwood (Ed.), Organizational behavior-Southeast Asian perspectives (pp. 118-143). Jurong, Singapore: Addison Wesley Longman Asia.Yaman, T. (2011). Yöneticilerin paternalist (babacan) lider davranışlarının çalışanların örgütsel özdeşleşmelerine, iş performanslarına ve işten ayrılma niyetlerine etkisi: Özel sektörde uygulama. Unpublished master’s thesis, Military Academy, Ankara.Yardımcı, C. (2010). Paternalist liderlik davranışlarının iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisi: Bankacılık sektörü üzerinde bir uygulama. Unpublished master’s thesis, Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.Zhao, S. (1994). Human resource management in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 32 (2), 3-12.

Türkiye’de İlkokul Müdürlerinin Paternalist Liderlik Davranışlarının Öğretmen Algılarına Dayalı Olarak İncelenmesi

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 1 - 22, 28.12.2019

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, ilkokullarda görevli
öğretmenlerin kendi okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarına
ilişkin
algılarını
ve bu algıların öğrenim durumu, mesleki
kıdem, cinsiyet, medeni durum, sendika üyeliği ve mesleki kıdem

değişkenlerine göre anlamlı fark oluşturup oluşturmadığını belirlemektir.
Betimsel tarama modelinde yapılmış araştırmanın örneklemi, 2016-2017
eğitim-öğretim yılında Mardin merkez Artuklu ilçesi ve bağlı 8 ilçe
merkezindeki kamu ilkokullarından basit seçkisiz yöntemle seçilen 1059
öğretmenden oluşmaktadır.
Araştırmanın verileri,“Okul Müdürlerinin
Paternalist Liderlik Davranışları Ölçeği”
kullanılarak elde edilmiştir.
Verilerin analizi sonucunda ulaşılan bazı önemli bulgular şunlardır:
Öğretmenlerin
ilkokul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışları ile ilgili algıları “çok
katılıyorum” düzeyinde
saptanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin ilkokul müdürlerinin paternalist
liderlik davranışları ile ilgili algıları arasında;  “öğrenim durumu” ve “medeni durum”
değişkenlerine göre yardımsever liderlik
alt boyutunda ve “cinsiyet” değişkenine göre ise çıkarcı liderlik alt boyutunda anlamlı bir fark saptanmıştır.
Araştırmanın sonucunda uygulayıcılara ve araştırmacılara yönelik öneriler
sunulmuştur.

References

  • Akdeniz, M.Z. (2016). Paternalistik liderlik ve örgütsel adaletin çalışanların mutluluklarına olan etkisi: Sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama. Unpublished master’s thesis, Bahçeşehir University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Aksoy, B. (2008). The relationship between paternalistic leadership, empowerment and turnover intention: An empirical study. Unpublished master’s thesis, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Arslan, Ö. (2016). Okul yöneticilerinin paternalist liderlik düzeyleri ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm algıları arasındaki ilişki. Unpublished master’s thesis, Uşak University Institute of Social Sciences, Uşak.Asyalı, E. & Cerit, A.G. (2014). Paternalistic leadership: A preliminary study on maritime students. Maritime Education Summit.Aycan, Z. (2001). Human resource management in Turkey: Current issues and future challenges. International Journal of Manpower, 22(3), 252-260.Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In Yang, K.S., Hwang, K.K., ve Kim, U. (Eds.). Scientific Advances In Indigenous Psychologies: Empirical, Philosophical, And Cultural Contributions (pp. 445-466), London: Cambridge University Press.Aycan, Z. & Fikret-Paşa, S. (2003). Career choices, job selection criteria, and leadership preferences in a transitional nation: The case of Turkey. Journal of Career Development, 30(2), 29-144.Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N., Mendonca, M. Yu, K., Deller, J. Stahl, G., et al. (2000). Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A ten country comparison. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(1), 192-220.Aydıntan, B. (2016). Relationship between emotional intelligence and paternalistic leadership: A field study on the Turkish university students. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(12), 98-102.Cerit, Y. (2012). Paternalistik liderlik ile yöneticiden ve işin doğasından doyum arasındaki ilişki. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Education Faculty, 31(2), 35-56.Cerit, Y. (2013). Paternalist liderlik ile öğretmenlere yönelik yıldırma davranışları arasındaki ilişki. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice,13(2), 839-851.Cesur, D.K. (2015). Paternalist liderlik ve örgüt kültürü ilişkisi: Sakarya Üniversitesi örneği. Unpublished master’s thesis, Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences, Sakarya.Cheng, B.S. (1995a). The relationship between parent’s authority and leadership behaviors: A case study of president of a Taiwanese enterprise. Report on Special Topics, National Science Committee.Cheng, B.S. (1995b). Choxuegeju and Chinese Organizational behaviour. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Socities, 3, 142-219.Cheng, B.S. (1995c). Paternalistic authority and leadership: A case study of a Taiwanese CEO. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology Academic Sinica, 79, 119-173.Cheng, B.S., Chou, L.F., Wu, T.Y., Huang, M.P. & Farh, J.L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 89-117.
  • Çalışkan, S. C. (2008). Yöneticilerin bireysel yetkinliklerinin liderlik tarzları ve lider üye etkileşimine verdikleri önem üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkileşimde kültürel varsayımların rolü. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Dağlı, A. ve Ağalday, B. (2017). Developing a headmasters’ paternalistic leadership behaviours scale in Turkey. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(30), 190-200.Dağlı, A. ve Ağalday, B. (2018). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarının incelenmesi. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 17(66), 518-534.Erben, G. S. & Güneşer, A.B. (2008). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: Investigating the role of climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 82, 955-968.Erkuş, A., Tabak, A. ve Yaman, T. (2010). Paternalist (babacan) liderlik çalışanların örgütsel özdeşleşmelerini ve işten ayrılma niyetlerini etkiler mi? Bir özel hastane uygulaması. 9. National Business Congress , Karaelmas University, Zonguldak.Farh, J. L. & Cheng, B. S. (2000). A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. In J. T. Li, A. S. Tsui, & E. Weldon (Eds.), Management and organizations in the Chinese context (pp. 94-127). London: Macmillan.Farh, J.L., Cheng, B.S., Chou, L.F. & Chu, X.P. (2006). Authority and benevolence: Employees’ responses to paternalistic leadership in China. In A.S. Tsui, Y.Bian ve L. Cheng (eds.). China’s domestic private firms: Multidisciplinary perspectives on management and performance: 230-260. New York: Sharpe.Gelfand, M.J., Erez, M. & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 479-514.Green, S.B. & Salkind, N.J. (2005). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data (4th edition). New Jersey:Pearson.Hayek, M., Novicevic, M. M., Humphreys, J. & Jones, N. (2010). Ending the denial of slavery in management history: Paternalistic leadership of joseph emory davis. Journal Of Management History, 16(3), 367-379.Higgs, M. (2002). How can we make sense of leadership in the 21st century. The Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24(5), 273-284.Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara:Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Kaygısızel, E. (2015). The relationship between paternalistic leadership leader-member exchange (lmx) and job stress. Unpublished master’s thesis, Yeditepe University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Kim, U.M. (1994). Significance of Paternalism and Communalism. In the occupational welfare system of Korean firms: A National Survey. In U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. Liang,S., Ling, H. & Hsieh, S. (2007). The mediating effects of leader-member exchange quality to influence the relationships between paternalistic leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of American Academy of Business. 2(10), 127-137.Macit, G. (2010). İletişim tarzları üzerinde kültürel değerlerin etkisi: Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Unpublished master’s thesis, Süleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences, Isparta. Mamatoğlu, N. (2010). Lider davranışları algıları ve örgütsel kimliklenme boyutları arasında çalışanın kişilik özelliklerinin düzenleyici rolü. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 25 (65), 82-97.Mete, Y.A. & Serin, H. (2015). Okul yöneticilerinin babacan liderlik davranışı ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel vatandaşlık ve örgütsel sinizm davranışları arasındaki ilişki. HAYEF Journal of Education, 12(24), 147-159.
  • Pellegrini E. K. & Scandura T. A. (2006). Leader-member Exchange (LMX), paternalism and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(2), 264-279.Pellegrini, E.K. & Scandura, T.A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34, 566-593.Pellegrini, E.K., Scandura, T A. & Jayaraman, V. (2010). Cross-Cultural generalizability of paternalistic leadership: An expansion of leader-member exchange theory (LMX). Group and Organization Management, 35, 391-420.Redding, S. G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism. New York: NY: Walter de Gruyter & Co. Redding, S. G., Norman, A. & Schlander, A. (1994). The nature of individual attachment to theory: A review of East Asian variations. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Triandis, H. C., M. D. Dunnett and L. M. Hough. CA, USA, Consulting Psychology Press: 674- 688.Saher, N., Naz, S., Tasleem, I., Naz, R. & Kausar, S. (2013). Does paternalistic leadership lead to commitment? Trust in leader as moderator in Pakistani context. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(1), 443-455.Silin, R. H. (1976). Leadership and Value: The Organization of Large-scale Taiwan Enterprises. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.Sinha, J. P. (1990). A model of effective leadership stylesin India, in A. M. Jaeger and R. N. Kanungo (eds.), Management in developing countries (Routledge, New York, NY), 252-263.Tezbaşaran, A. (1997). Likert tipi ölçek hazırlama kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği.Tuncer, G. (2005). The self in family context and traditional family values on behaviours toward paternalistic leadership style. Unpublished master’s thesis, Koç University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.Türesin, H. (2012). Örgüt çalışanlarının paternalistik liderlik algıları, öğrenilmiş güçlülük düzeyleri, iş tatmin düzeyleri ve işten ayrılma niyetleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Unpublished master’s thesis, Celal Bayar University Institute of Social Sciences, Manisa.Wasti, S. A., Tan, H. H., Brower, H. H. & Önder, Ç. (2007). Cross-Cultural measurement of supervisor trustworthiness: An assessment of measurement in variance across three cultures. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 477-489.Westwood, R. I. (1997). Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for paternalistic headship among the overseas Chinese. Organization Studies, 18, 445-480.Westwood, R. I. & Chan, A. (1992). Headship and leadership. In R. I. Westwood (Ed.), Organizational behavior-Southeast Asian perspectives (pp. 118-143). Jurong, Singapore: Addison Wesley Longman Asia.Yaman, T. (2011). Yöneticilerin paternalist (babacan) lider davranışlarının çalışanların örgütsel özdeşleşmelerine, iş performanslarına ve işten ayrılma niyetlerine etkisi: Özel sektörde uygulama. Unpublished master’s thesis, Military Academy, Ankara.Yardımcı, C. (2010). Paternalist liderlik davranışlarının iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisi: Bankacılık sektörü üzerinde bir uygulama. Unpublished master’s thesis, Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.Zhao, S. (1994). Human resource management in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 32 (2), 3-12.
There are 3 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bünyamin Ağalday 0000-0003-0128-5055

Abidin Dağlı 0000-0002-3072-8997

Publication Date December 28, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ağalday, B., & Dağlı, A. (2019). Examining Paternalistic Leadership Behaviours of Primary School Principals Based on the Teachers Perceptions in Turkey. Artuklu İnsan Ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 4(2), 1-22.