The Link between Disability and Different Sources of Income: Evidence from Turkish Panel Survey of Income and Living Conditions
Abstract
In this study I examine the association between disability status and different sources of income. I derive data from the Panel Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC) spanning the years 2018 to 2021, which is compiled by the Turkish Statistical Institute (Turkstat). I characterize disability as a limitation in daily activities resulting from either an impairment or a long-term health condition, expected to endure for six months or longer. I use six income types; i) salary and wage, ii) business income, iii) unemployment benefit, iv) retirement pay, v) disability income and vi) other income. In order to overcome potential selection bias resulting from subjective disability, I match disabled individuals with corresponding nondisabled counterparts according to demographic and socio-economic controls. Then I estimate fractional response models with different sources if income as dependent variables. Main findings are as the following: income composition significantly differs among individuals with and without disabilities, income of individuals with disabilities are lower in almost all income types, people with disabilities may offset income losses in specific categories by pursuing alternative sources of income.
References
- Ali, M., Schur, L., & Blanck, P. (2011). What types of jobs do people with disabilities want?. Journal of occupational rehabilitation, 21, 199-210.
- Baldwin, M. L., & Choe, C. (2014). Re-examining the models used to estimate disability-related wage discrimination. Applied Economics, 46(12), 1393-1408.
- Baldwin, M., & Johnson, W. G. (1994). Labor market discrimination against men with disabilities. Journal of Human Resources, 1-19.
- Brucker, D. L., Mitra, S., Chaitoo, N., & Mauro, J. (2015). More likely to be poor whatever the measure: Working‐age persons with disabilities in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 96(1), 273-296.
- Duzgun Oncel, B., & Karaoglan, D. (2020). Disability and labour force participation in a developing country: evidence from Turkish males. Global Business and Economics Review, 22(3), 270-288.
- Gannon, B. (2009). The influence of economic incentives on reported disability status. Health Economics, 18(7), 743-759.
- Haveman, R., & Wolfe, B. (1990). The economic well-being of the disabled: 1962-84. Journal of Human Resources, 32-54.
- Jajtner, K. M., Mitra, S., Fountain, C., & Nichols, A. (2020). Rising income inequality through a disability lens: trends in the United States 1981–2018. Social indicators research, 151, 81-114.
- Kidd, M. P., Sloane, P. J., & Ferko, I. (2000). Disability and the labour market: an analysis of British males. Journal of health economics, 19(6), 961-981.
- Lindeboom, M., Llena-Nozal, A., & van der Klaauw, B. (2016). Health shocks, disability and work. Labour Economics, 43, 186-200.
- Meyer, B. D., & Mok, W. K. (2019). Disability, earnings, income and consumption. Journal of Public Economics, 171, 51-69.
- Mitra, S., Posarac, A., & Vick, B. (2013). Disability and poverty in developing countries: a multidimensional study. World Development, 41, 1-18.
- Pagán, R. (2013). Time allocation of disabled individuals. Social Science & Medicine, 84, 80-93.
- Papke, L. E., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2008). Panel data methods for fractional response variables with an application to test pass rates. Journal of econometrics, 145(1-2), 121-133.
- Pu, C., & Syu, H. F. (2023). Effects of disability on income and income composition. Plos one, 18(5), e0286462.
- Rice, D. P., & LaPlante, M. P. (1992). Medical expenditures for disability and disabling comorbidity. American journal of public health, 82(5), 739-741.
- SILC (2021), Survey of Income and Living Condition, 2018-2021, Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT).
- Schuring, M., Robroek, S. J., Otten, F. W., Arts, C. H., & Burdorf, A. (2013). The effect of ill health and socioeconomic status on labor force exit and re-employment: a prospective study with ten years follow-up in the Netherlands. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 134-143.
- Vornholt, K., Villotti, P., Muschalla, B., Bauer, J., Colella, A., Zijlstra, F., ... & Corbière, M. (2018). Disability and employment–overview and highlights. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 27(1), 40-55.
Engellilik ile Farklı Gelir Kaynakları Arasındaki Bağlantı: Türkiye Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Panel Araştırmasından Kanıtlar
Abstract
Bu çalışmada engellilik durumu ile farklı gelir kaynakları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemekteyim. Veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) tarafından hazırlanan 2018-2021 yıllarına ait Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Panel Araştırması'ndan (SILC) alınmıştır. Engelliliği, altı ay veya daha uzun süre devam eden veya sürmesi beklenen, bireyin günlük aktivitelerini engelleyen bir bozukluk veya uzun süreli bir sağlık durumu olarak tanımlıyorum. Altı gelir türü kullanıyorum; i) maaş ve ücret, ii) iş geliri, iii) işsizlik ödeneği, iv) emekli maaşı, v) engellilik geliri ve vi) diğer gelirler. Öznel engellilikten kaynaklanan potansiyel seçim yanlılığının üstesinden gelmek için engelli bireyleri, demografik ve sosyo-ekonomik kontrollere göre engelli olmayan benzerleriyle eşleştiriyorum. Daha sonra farklı gelir tiplerinin bağımlı değişken olduğu kesirli yanıt modellerini tahmin ediyorum. Temel bulgular şu şekildedir: Gelir kompozisyonunu engelli ve engelli olmayan bireyler arasında önemli ölçüde farklılık göstermektedir, engelli bireylerin geliri hemen hemen tüm gelir türünde daha düşüktür, engelli bireylerin belirli kategorilerdeki gelir kayıplarını alternatif gelir kaynakları arayarak telafi ettikleri görülmektedir.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışma bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır.
Supporting Institution
Bu araştırma her hangi bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemiştir.
References
- Ali, M., Schur, L., & Blanck, P. (2011). What types of jobs do people with disabilities want?. Journal of occupational rehabilitation, 21, 199-210.
- Baldwin, M. L., & Choe, C. (2014). Re-examining the models used to estimate disability-related wage discrimination. Applied Economics, 46(12), 1393-1408.
- Baldwin, M., & Johnson, W. G. (1994). Labor market discrimination against men with disabilities. Journal of Human Resources, 1-19.
- Brucker, D. L., Mitra, S., Chaitoo, N., & Mauro, J. (2015). More likely to be poor whatever the measure: Working‐age persons with disabilities in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 96(1), 273-296.
- Duzgun Oncel, B., & Karaoglan, D. (2020). Disability and labour force participation in a developing country: evidence from Turkish males. Global Business and Economics Review, 22(3), 270-288.
- Gannon, B. (2009). The influence of economic incentives on reported disability status. Health Economics, 18(7), 743-759.
- Haveman, R., & Wolfe, B. (1990). The economic well-being of the disabled: 1962-84. Journal of Human Resources, 32-54.
- Jajtner, K. M., Mitra, S., Fountain, C., & Nichols, A. (2020). Rising income inequality through a disability lens: trends in the United States 1981–2018. Social indicators research, 151, 81-114.
- Kidd, M. P., Sloane, P. J., & Ferko, I. (2000). Disability and the labour market: an analysis of British males. Journal of health economics, 19(6), 961-981.
- Lindeboom, M., Llena-Nozal, A., & van der Klaauw, B. (2016). Health shocks, disability and work. Labour Economics, 43, 186-200.
- Meyer, B. D., & Mok, W. K. (2019). Disability, earnings, income and consumption. Journal of Public Economics, 171, 51-69.
- Mitra, S., Posarac, A., & Vick, B. (2013). Disability and poverty in developing countries: a multidimensional study. World Development, 41, 1-18.
- Pagán, R. (2013). Time allocation of disabled individuals. Social Science & Medicine, 84, 80-93.
- Papke, L. E., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2008). Panel data methods for fractional response variables with an application to test pass rates. Journal of econometrics, 145(1-2), 121-133.
- Pu, C., & Syu, H. F. (2023). Effects of disability on income and income composition. Plos one, 18(5), e0286462.
- Rice, D. P., & LaPlante, M. P. (1992). Medical expenditures for disability and disabling comorbidity. American journal of public health, 82(5), 739-741.
- SILC (2021), Survey of Income and Living Condition, 2018-2021, Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT).
- Schuring, M., Robroek, S. J., Otten, F. W., Arts, C. H., & Burdorf, A. (2013). The effect of ill health and socioeconomic status on labor force exit and re-employment: a prospective study with ten years follow-up in the Netherlands. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 134-143.
- Vornholt, K., Villotti, P., Muschalla, B., Bauer, J., Colella, A., Zijlstra, F., ... & Corbière, M. (2018). Disability and employment–overview and highlights. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 27(1), 40-55.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Applied Microeconometrics |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | February 5, 2024 |
| Submission Date | December 1, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | January 7, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 |
